Publications

I have published over 50 articles on accounting analytics, nonprofit organizations, Big Data, communication, and information technology in the premier journals in accounting (Review of Accounting Studies, Management Science, Accounting, Organizations and Society), nonprofit studies (Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly), and business ethics (Journal of Business Ethics) as well as, in my previous positions, political science (British Journal of Political Science), communication (Journal of Communication), and public administration (Public Administration Review). I chiefly consider myself a scholar who applies data analytic approaches to CSR and nonprofit accounting, yet I also have some interest in the intersection of analytics and the capital markets.

Below is a list of my peer-reviewed journal publications. I’ve included links to publisher versions for each article as well as a link to the pre-print versions available at SSRN or ResearchGate.

• Neu, D., & Saxton, G. D. (2023). Twitter-based social accountability callouts. Journal of Business Ethics, online before print, doi: 10.1007/s10551–022–05316. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  The ICIJ’s release of the Panama Papers in 2016 opened up a wealth of previously private financial information on the tax avoidance, tax evasion, and wealth concealment activities of politicians, government officials, and their allies. Drawing upon prior accountability and ethics focused research, we utilize a dataset of almost 28 M tweets sent between 2016 and early 2020 to consider the microdetails and overall trajectory of this particular social accountability conversation. The study shows how the publication of previously private financial information triggered a Twitter-based social accountability conversation. It also illustrates how social accountability utterances are intra-textually constructed by the inclusion of social characters, the personal pronoun `we,’ and the use of deontic responsibility verbs. Finally, the study highlights how the tweets from this group of participants changed over the longer-term but continued to focus on social accountability topics. The provided analysis contributes to our understanding of social accountability, including how the release of previously private accounting-based financial information can trigger a grassroots social accountability conversation.

  @article{Neu2023b,
  abstract = {The ICIJ's release of the Panama Papers in 2016 opened up a wealth of previously private financial information on the tax avoidance, tax evasion, and wealth concealment activities of politicians, government officials, and their allies. Drawing upon prior accountability and ethics focused research, we utilize a dataset of almost 28 M tweets sent between 2016 and early 2020 to consider the microdetails and overall trajectory of this particular social accountability conversation. The study shows how the publication of previously private financial information triggered a Twitter-based social accountability conversation. It also illustrates how social accountability utterances are intra-textually constructed by the inclusion of social characters, the personal pronoun `we,' and the use of deontic responsibility verbs. Finally, the study highlights how the tweets from this group of participants changed over the longer-term but continued to focus on social accountability topics. The provided analysis contributes to our understanding of social accountability, including how the release of previously private accounting-based financial information can trigger a grassroots social accountability conversation.},
  author = {Neu, Dean and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2023-09-10 17:50:57 -0400},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:52:40 -0400},
  doi = {10.1007/s10551-022-05316-6},
  issn = {1573-0697},
  journal = {{Journal of Business Ethics}},
  pages = {online before print, doi: 10.1007/s10551--022--05316},
  title = {{Twitter-based social accountability callouts}},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05316-6},
  year = {2023},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05316-6}}

• Neu, D., Saxton, G. D., Rahaman, A., & Taylor-Neu, K. (2023). The tone from the top: Editorials within the Journal of Accountancy. Accounting History, 28(3), 468–489. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  This study examines the tone of editorials published in the Journal of Accountancy. Drawing upon prior historical accounting and linguistic-anthropological research, the study proposes that editorials in practitioner journals like the Journal of Accountancy communicate an expressive tone to internal audiences. This tone from the top is important because it communicates a professional worldview to a geographically dispersed and somewhat heterogeneous readership. The study utilises computerised methods to identify the tone expressed about key topics in 46,189 sentence-level editorial utterances published in the Journal between 1916 and 1973. The analysis illustrates that topics involving external social actors, institutions and events were more likely to use a negative tone compared to the topics speaking about internal aspects of the profession. The study contributes to our understanding of professional accounting narratives by enumerating the topics that Journal of Accountancy editorials speak about, by illustrating how sentence tone varies depending on the sentence topic and by documenting how the prevalence of certain topics changes over time.

  @article{Neu2023a,
  abstract = {This study examines the tone of editorials published in the Journal of Accountancy. Drawing upon prior historical accounting and linguistic-anthropological research, the study proposes that editorials in practitioner journals like the Journal of Accountancy communicate an expressive tone to internal audiences. This tone from the top is important because it communicates a professional worldview to a geographically dispersed and somewhat heterogeneous readership. The study utilises computerised methods to identify the tone expressed about key topics in 46,189 sentence-level editorial utterances published in the Journal between 1916 and 1973. The analysis illustrates that topics involving external social actors, institutions and events were more likely to use a negative tone compared to the topics speaking about internal aspects of the profession. The study contributes to our understanding of professional accounting narratives by enumerating the topics that Journal of Accountancy editorials speak about, by illustrating how sentence tone varies depending on the sentence topic and by documenting how the prevalence of certain topics changes over time.},
  annote = {doi: 10.1177/10323732231178986},
  author = {Neu, Dean and Saxton, Gregory D and Rahaman, Abu and Taylor-Neu, Kieran},
  date-added = {2023-09-10 17:49:30 -0400},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:52:31 -0400},
  doi = {10.1177/10323732231178986},
  issn = {1032-3732},
  journal = {{Accounting History}},
  number = {3},
  pages = {468--489},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
  title = {{The tone from the top: Editorials within the Journal of Accountancy}},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10323732231178986},
  volume = {28},
  year = {2023},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10323732231178986}}

• Neu, D., & Saxton, G. D. (2023). Building ethical narratives: The audiences for AICPA editorials. Journal of Business Ethics, 182(4), 1055–1072. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  This study examines how the American Institute of Certified Professional Accountants (AICPA) uses character and concept words to communicate normative narratives to different internal audiences. Our analysis of 552 editorials published in the AICPA’s Journal of Accountancy during the 1916–1973 period illustrates how the AICPA communicated similar yet different normative narratives to firm partners and students. During this time period, the centrality of ethically infused words such as ethics, conduct, and independence not only varied across different time periods but also across different target audiences. The findings draw attention to the importance of considering the audiences for ethical narratives as well as the ways that the intra-textual positioning of concepts and characters allow organizations to speak to slightly different audiences within the same communication medium.

  @article{Neu2023,
  abstract = {This study examines how the American Institute of Certified Professional Accountants (AICPA) uses character and concept words to communicate normative narratives to different internal audiences. Our analysis of 552 editorials published in the AICPA's Journal of Accountancy during the 1916--1973 period illustrates how the AICPA communicated similar yet different normative narratives to firm partners and students. During this time period, the centrality of ethically infused words such as ethics, conduct, and independence not only varied across different time periods but also across different target audiences. The findings draw attention to the importance of considering the audiences for ethical narratives as well as the ways that the intra-textual positioning of concepts and characters allow organizations to speak to slightly different audiences within the same communication medium.},
  author = {Neu, Dean and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2023-09-10 17:48:38 -0400},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:52:10 -0400},
  doi = {10.1007/s10551-021-05003-y},
  issn = {1573-0697},
  journal = {{Journal of Business Ethics}},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1055--1072},
  title = {{Building ethical narratives: The audiences for AICPA editorials}},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-05003-y},
  volume = {182},
  year = {2023},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-05003-y}}

• Neely, D. G., Saxton, G. D., & Wong, P. A. (2023). Nonprofit organizations’ financial obligations and the Paycheck Protection Program. Management Science, 69(7), 4353–4361. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  We examine nonprofit organizations? involvement in the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The PPP provided participants with forgivable loans to pay employee salaries, increasing participants? financial flexibility during the pandemic. We examine the associations between nonprofits? prepandemic financial obligations (e.g., long-term debt and donor-restricted net assets) and PPP participation and participants? loan characteristics. First, we find nonprofit organizations participated at a lower rate than other small business industries and that nonprofits with greater financial obligations were more likely to participate in the program. Second, we find financial obligations were positively associated with the loan amount received as a percentage of total payroll costs. Last, although approximately 11{\%} of nonprofits failed to obtain loan forgiveness, we find nonprofits with restricted net assets were more likely to have their loans forgiven. Our results suggest nonprofits with greater debt and donor obligations used the PPP to increase their financial flexibility.This paper was accepted by Ranjani Krishnan, accounting.Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4804.

  @article{Neely2023,
  abstract = {We examine nonprofit organizations? involvement in the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The PPP provided participants with forgivable loans to pay employee salaries, increasing participants? financial flexibility during the pandemic. We examine the associations between nonprofits? prepandemic financial obligations (e.g., long-term debt and donor-restricted net assets) and PPP participation and participants? loan characteristics. First, we find nonprofit organizations participated at a lower rate than other small business industries and that nonprofits with greater financial obligations were more likely to participate in the program. Second, we find financial obligations were positively associated with the loan amount received as a percentage of total payroll costs. Last, although approximately 11{\%} of nonprofits failed to obtain loan forgiveness, we find nonprofits with restricted net assets were more likely to have their loans forgiven. Our results suggest nonprofits with greater debt and donor obligations used the PPP to increase their financial flexibility.This paper was accepted by Ranjani Krishnan, accounting.Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4804.},
  annote = {doi: 10.1287/mnsc.2023.4804},
  author = {Neely, Daniel G and Saxton, Gregory D and Wong, Paul A},
  date-added = {2023-09-10 17:43:52 -0400},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:52:17 -0400},
  doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2023.4804},
  issn = {0025-1909},
  journal = {{Management Science}},
  number = {7},
  pages = {4353--4361},
  publisher = {INFORMS},
  title = {{Nonprofit organizations' financial obligations and the Paycheck Protection Program}},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4804},
  volume = {69},
  year = {2023},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4804}}

• Harris, E. E., Neely, D. G., & Saxton, G. D. (2023). Social media, signaling, and donations: Testing the financial returns on nonprofits’ social media investment. Review of Accounting Studies, 28, 658-688. [BibTeX] [Abstract]
  

  Social media outlets provide nonprofit organizations the opportunity of opening new communication and disclosure channels. Organizations must decide whether to set up these channels. They–-and in turn their target audiences–-must also decide how much to use social media. In this study, we test a novel multi-level signaling theory framework to examine the relationship between social media investments and financial returns. Employing both cross-sectional and cross-temporal samples of 427 of the largest US nonhospital charities, we examine the association between donations and three dimensions of organizations’ social media efforts: (1) whether the organization has a social media presence, (2) how much the organization uses social media, and (3) the level of engagement of the organization’s audience. The findings support our conjecture that financial returns result from establishing a particular communication channel, from using that channel, and from having channel-specific audience engagement. We also consider how our three social media signaling dimensions condition the core donations demand variables, finding that social media substitutes for traditional fundraising expenditures. These results carry implications for the signaling and donation demand literatures and further the understanding of how new media are changing donor engagement.

  @article{Harris2021,
  abstract = {Social media outlets provide nonprofit organizations the opportunity of opening new communication and disclosure channels. Organizations must decide whether to set up these channels. They---and in turn their target audiences---must also decide how much to use social media. In this study, we test a novel multi-level signaling theory framework to examine the relationship between social media investments and financial returns. Employing both cross-sectional and cross-temporal samples of 427 of the largest US nonhospital charities, we examine the association between donations and three dimensions of organizations' social media efforts: (1) whether the organization has a social media presence, (2) how much the organization uses social media, and (3) the level of engagement of the organization's audience. The findings support our conjecture that financial returns result from establishing a particular communication channel, from using that channel, and from having channel-specific audience engagement. We also consider how our three social media signaling dimensions condition the core donations demand variables, finding that social media substitutes for traditional fundraising expenditures. These results carry implications for the signaling and donation demand literatures and further the understanding of how new media are changing donor engagement.},
  author = {Harris, Erica E and Neely, Daniel G and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2021-09-11 13:37:01 -0400},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:30:18 -0400},
  journal = {{Review of Accounting Studies}},
  pages = {658-688},
  title = {{Social media, signaling, and donations: Testing the financial returns on nonprofits' social media investment}},
  volume = {28},
  year = {2023}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Neu, D. (2022). Twitter-based social accountability processes: The roles for financial inscriptions-based and values-based messaging. Journal of Business Ethics, 181, 1041-1064. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Social media is changing social accountability practices. The release of the Panama Papers on April 3, 2016 by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) unleashed a tsunami of over 5 million tweets decrying corrupt politicians and tax-avoiding business elites, calling for policy change from governments, and demanding accountability from corporate and private tax avoiders. The current study uses 297,000+ original English-language geo-codable tweets with the hashtags {\#}PanamaGate, {\#}PanamaPapers, or {\#}PanamaLeaks to examine the trajectory of Twitter-based social accountability conversations and the potential for the emergence of a longer-term social accountability user network. We propose that it is the combination of financial inscriptions and evaluative ethical utterances that incite and sustain social accountability conversations and social accountability networks. Financial inscriptions simultaneously remind audiences of both the information event that fomented the initial public reaction and the monetary magnitude of the event. Value-based ethical messaging, in turn, enunciates an ethical stance that simultaneously evaluates existing practices and emphasizes the need for accountability. It is the combining of these two types of messaging that helps to construct and sustain a normative narrative about social accountability. The results illustrate how the repetition and re-working of these two forms of messaging facilitated the construction of a normative narrative that coalesced into a social accountability network which persisted beyond the initial Panama Paper information event and which was re-activated in 2017 when the ICIJ published the Paradise Papers.

  @article{Saxton2021a,
  abstract = {Social media is changing social accountability practices. The release of the Panama Papers on April 3, 2016 by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) unleashed a tsunami of over 5 million tweets decrying corrupt politicians and tax-avoiding business elites, calling for policy change from governments, and demanding accountability from corporate and private tax avoiders. The current study uses 297,000+ original English-language geo-codable tweets with the hashtags {\#}PanamaGate, {\#}PanamaPapers, or {\#}PanamaLeaks to examine the trajectory of Twitter-based social accountability conversations and the potential for the emergence of a longer-term social accountability user network. We propose that it is the combination of financial inscriptions and evaluative ethical utterances that incite and sustain social accountability conversations and social accountability networks. Financial inscriptions simultaneously remind audiences of both the information event that fomented the initial public reaction and the monetary magnitude of the event. Value-based ethical messaging, in turn, enunciates an ethical stance that simultaneously evaluates existing practices and emphasizes the need for accountability. It is the combining of these two types of messaging that helps to construct and sustain a normative narrative about social accountability. The results illustrate how the repetition and re-working of these two forms of messaging facilitated the construction of a normative narrative that coalesced into a social accountability network which persisted beyond the initial Panama Paper information event and which was re-activated in 2017 when the ICIJ published the Paradise Papers.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D and Neu, Dean},
  date-added = {2023-09-10 17:40:42 -0400},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:57:19 -0400},
  doi = {10.1007/s10551-021-04952-8},
  issn = {1573-0697},
  journal = {{Journal of Business Ethics}},
  pages = {1041-1064},
  title = {{Twitter-based social accountability processes: The roles for financial inscriptions-based and values-based messaging}},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04952-8},
  volume = {181},
  year = {2022},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04952-8}}

• Neu, D., Saxton, G. D., & Rahaman, A. S. (2022). Social accountability, ethics, and the Occupy Wall Street protests. Journal of Business Ethics, 180, 17-31. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  This study examines the 3.5 m+ English-language original tweets that occurred during the 2011 Occupy Wall Street protests. Starting from previous research, we analyze how character terms such as “the banker,” “politician,” “the teaparty,” “GOP,” and “the corporation,” as well as concept terms such as “ethics,” “fairness,” “morals,” “justice,” and “democracy” were used by individual participants to respond to the Occupy Wall Street events. These character and concept terms not only allowed individuals to take an ethical stance but also accumulated into a citizen’s narrative about social accountability. The analysis illustrates how the centrality of the different concepts and characters in the conversation changed over time as well as how the concepts ethics, morals, fairness, justice, and democracy participated within the conversation, helping to amplify the ethical attributes of different characters. These findings contribute to our understanding of how demands for social accountability are articulated and change over time.

  @article{Neu2021,
  abstract = {This study examines the 3.5 m+ English-language original tweets that occurred during the 2011 Occupy Wall Street protests. Starting from previous research, we analyze how character terms such as ``the banker,'' ``politician,'' ``the teaparty,'' ``GOP,'' and ``the corporation,'' as well as concept terms such as ``ethics,'' ``fairness,'' ``morals,'' ``justice,'' and ``democracy'' were used by individual participants to respond to the Occupy Wall Street events. These character and concept terms not only allowed individuals to take an ethical stance but also accumulated into a citizen's narrative about social accountability. The analysis illustrates how the centrality of the different concepts and characters in the conversation changed over time as well as how the concepts ethics, morals, fairness, justice, and democracy participated within the conversation, helping to amplify the ethical attributes of different characters. These findings contribute to our understanding of how demands for social accountability are articulated and change over time.},
  author = {Neu, Dean and Saxton, Gregory D and Rahaman, Abu S},
  date-added = {2021-09-11 13:36:43 -0400},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:29:42 -0400},
  doi = {10.1007/s10551-021-04795-3},
  issn = {1573-0697},
  journal = {{Journal of Business Ethics}},
  pages = {17-31},
  title = {{Social accountability, ethics, and the Occupy Wall Street protests}},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04795-3},
  volume = {180},
  year = {2022},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04795-3}}

• Neu, D., Saxton, G. D., Everett, J., & Rahaman, A. S. (2021). The centrality of ethical utterances within professional narratives. Accounting history, 27, 75–94. [BibTeX] [Abstract]
  

  This study examines the centrality of ethics within editorials published in the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants’ professional journal, CA Magazine, over the 1912 to 2010 period. Starting from the twin assumptions that editorials speak about appropriate professional behavior using a variety of words such as `ethics,’ `conduct,’ and `codes,’ and that appropriate professional behavior is situational, we use topic modeling techniques to identify these dimensions of ethical discourse. We then use social network analysis methods to map the position and centrality of ethics within the editorials across time. The results show that enunciations about appropriate professional conduct are broader than simply enunciations using the word `ethics’. The results also highlight that ethical utterances become more central, not less central, over time.

  @article{neu2021centrality,
  abstract = {This study examines the centrality of ethics within editorials published in the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants' professional journal, CA Magazine, over the 1912 to 2010 period. Starting from the twin assumptions that editorials speak about appropriate professional behavior using a variety of words such as `ethics,' `conduct,' and `codes,' and that appropriate professional behavior is situational, we use topic modeling techniques to identify these dimensions of ethical discourse. We then use social network analysis methods to map the position and centrality of ethics within the editorials across time. The results show that enunciations about appropriate professional conduct are broader than simply enunciations using the word `ethics'. The results also highlight that ethical utterances become more central, not less central, over time.},
  author = {Neu, Dean and Saxton, Gregory D and Everett, Jeff and Rahaman, Abu Shiraz},
  date-added = {2023-09-10 17:46:44 -0400},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:46:44 -0400},
  journal = {Accounting History},
  pages = {75--94},
  title = {{The centrality of ethical utterances within professional narratives}},
  volume = {27},
  year = {2021}}

• Saxton, G. D., Ren, C., & Guo, C. (2021). Responding to diffused stakeholders on social media: Connective power and firm reactions to CSR-related Twitter messages. Journal of Business Ethics, 172, 229-252. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Social media offers a platform for diffused stakeholders to interact with firms–-alternatively praising, questioning, and chastising businesses for their CSR performance and seeking to engage in two-way dialogue. In 2014, 163,402 public messages were sent to Fortune 200 firms’ CSR-focused Twitter accounts, each of which was either shared, replied to, “liked,” or ignored by the targeted firm. This paper examines firm reactions to these messages, building a model of firm response to stakeholders that combines the notions of CSR communication and stakeholder salience. Our findings show that firm response to a stakeholder on social media is positively and most significantly associated with what we refer to as the stakeholder’s connective power but negatively associated with the firm’s own connective power. To a lesser extent, firm response is positively associated with the stakeholder’s normative power but negatively associated with the firm’s own normative power. Firm response is also shown to be positively associated with stakeholder urgency in terms of both the originality of a stakeholder message and the expression of positive sentiment.

  @article{Saxton2020c,
  abstract = {Social media offers a platform for diffused stakeholders to interact with firms---alternatively praising, questioning, and chastising businesses for their CSR performance and seeking to engage in two-way dialogue. In 2014, 163,402 public messages were sent to Fortune 200 firms' CSR-focused Twitter accounts, each of which was either shared, replied to, ``liked,'' or ignored by the targeted firm. This paper examines firm reactions to these messages, building a model of firm response to stakeholders that combines the notions of CSR communication and stakeholder salience. Our findings show that firm response to a stakeholder on social media is positively and most significantly associated with what we refer to as the stakeholder's connective power but negatively associated with the firm's own connective power. To a lesser extent, firm response is positively associated with the stakeholder's normative power but negatively associated with the firm's own normative power. Firm response is also shown to be positively associated with stakeholder urgency in terms of both the originality of a stakeholder message and the expression of positive sentiment.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D and Ren, Charlotte and Guo, Chao},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:33:19 -0400},
  doi = {10.1007/s10551-020-04472-x},
  issn = {1573-0697},
  journal = {{Journal of Business Ethics}},
  pages = {229-252},
  title = {{Responding to diffused stakeholders on social media: Connective power and firm reactions to CSR-related Twitter messages}},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04472-x},
  volume = {172},
  year = {2021},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04472-x}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Guo, C. (2020). Social Media Capital: Conceptualizing the nature, determinants, and outcomes of social media-based organizational resources. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 36, 100443. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  The near-universal organizational participation in social media is predicated on the belief there are some tangible or intangible new resources to be had through tweeting, pinning, posting, friending, and sharing. We argue the linchpin of any payoff from engagement in social media is a special form of social capital we refer to as social media capital, and offer a conceptual framework for understanding its nature, acquisition, and expenditure. This paper contributes to existing literature by elaborating a new type of organizational resource and then synthesizing and extending research on the processes through which organizations can translate social media efforts into meaningful organizational outcomes. Understanding this causal chain is critical not only for measuring the return on investment from social media use but also for developing accounting information systems that are both adaptable to social resources and better able to exploit the data analytic and forecasting capabilities of real-time social media data.

  @article{Saxton2019,
  abstract = {The near-universal organizational participation in social media is predicated on the belief there are some tangible or intangible new resources to be had through tweeting, pinning, posting, friending, and sharing. We argue the linchpin of any payoff from engagement in social media is a special form of social capital we refer to as social media capital, and offer a conceptual framework for understanding its nature, acquisition, and expenditure. This paper contributes to existing literature by elaborating a new type of organizational resource and then synthesizing and extending research on the processes through which organizations can translate social media efforts into meaningful organizational outcomes. Understanding this causal chain is critical not only for measuring the return on investment from social media use but also for developing accounting information systems that are both adaptable to social resources and better able to exploit the data analytic and forecasting capabilities of real-time social media data.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D and Guo, Chao},
  date-added = {2019-12-03 18:05:37 +0000},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:31:30 -0400},
  journal = {International {J}ournal of {A}ccounting {I}nformation {S}ystems},
  pages = {100443},
  title = {{S}ocial {M}edia {C}apital: {C}onceptualizing the nature, determinants, and outcomes of social media-based organizational resources},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146708951830071X},
  volume = {36},
  year = {2020},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146708951830071X}}

• Balsam, S., Harris, E. E., & Saxton, G. D. (2020). The use and consequences of perquisite types in nonprofit organizations. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 39(4), 106737. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  We document perquisite use in the nonprofit sector, the determinants of that use, and the ensuing consequences. Relative to the for-profit sector, the nonprofit sector is characterized by a lack of residual ownership rights and less detailed disclosure requirements, factors that have the potential to influence this piece of the compensation package. Using a sample of over 126,000 organization-year observations from 2008 to 2018, we document that approximately 24{\%} of organizations report providing one or more of their executives with perquisites. We find that perks are more likely in larger nonprofits with excess endowments and fewer governance policies, and less likely at organizations with more outside monitors. We also find that perk disclosure has a negative impact on future donations. However, when we decompose our analysis by type of perk, we find evidence that some perks have a positive effect on future donations. Our results are robust to a variety of alternative formulations and provide useful insights for nonprofit regulators, boards, and donors.

  @article{Balsam2020,
  abstract = {We document perquisite use in the nonprofit sector, the determinants of that use, and the ensuing consequences. Relative to the for-profit sector, the nonprofit sector is characterized by a lack of residual ownership rights and less detailed disclosure requirements, factors that have the potential to influence this piece of the compensation package. Using a sample of over 126,000 organization-year observations from 2008 to 2018, we document that approximately 24{\%} of organizations report providing one or more of their executives with perquisites. We find that perks are more likely in larger nonprofits with excess endowments and fewer governance policies, and less likely at organizations with more outside monitors. We also find that perk disclosure has a negative impact on future donations. However, when we decompose our analysis by type of perk, we find evidence that some perks have a positive effect on future donations. Our results are robust to a variety of alternative formulations and provide useful insights for nonprofit regulators, boards, and donors.},
  author = {Balsam, Steven and Harris, Erica E and Saxton, Gregory D},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2020.106737},
  issn = {0278-4254},
  journal = {{Journal of Accounting and Public Policy}},
  number = {4},
  pages = {106737},
  title = {{The use and consequences of perquisite types in nonprofit organizations}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278425419300584},
  volume = {39},
  year = {2020},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278425419300584},
  bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2020.106737}}

• Neu, D., Saxton, G., Everett, J., & Shiraz, A. R. (2020). Speaking truth to power: Twitter reactions to the Panama Papers. Journal of Business Ethics, 162, 473-485. [BibTeX] [Abstract]
  

  The current study examines the micro-linguistic details of Twitter responses to the whistleblower-initiated publication of the Panama Papers. The leaked documents contained the micro-details of tax avoidance, tax evasion, and wealth accumulation schemes used by business elites, politicians, and government bureaucrats. The public release of the documents on April 4, 2016 resulted in a groundswell of Twitter and other social media activity throughout the world, including 161,036 Spanish-language tweets in the subsequent 5-month period. The findings illustrate that the responses were polyvocal, consisting a collection of overlapping speech genres with varied thematic topics and linguistic styles, as well as differing degrees of calls for action and varying amounts of illocutionary force. The analysis also illustrates that, while the illocutionary force of tweets is somewhat associated with the adoption of a prosaic and vernacular ethical stance as well as with demands for action, these types of voicing behaviors were not present in the majority of the tweets. These results suggest that, while social media platforms are a popular site for collective forms of voicing activities, it is less certain that these collective stakeholder voices necessarily result in forceful accountability demands that spill out of the communication medium and thus serve as an impulse for positive social change.

  @article{Neu2018,
  abstract = {The current study examines the micro-linguistic details of Twitter responses to the whistleblower-initiated publication of the Panama Papers. The leaked documents contained the micro-details of tax avoidance, tax evasion, and wealth accumulation schemes used by business elites, politicians, and government bureaucrats. The public release of the documents on April 4, 2016 resulted in a groundswell of Twitter and other social media activity throughout the world, including 161,036 Spanish-language tweets in the subsequent 5-month period. The findings illustrate that the responses were polyvocal, consisting a collection of overlapping speech genres with varied thematic topics and linguistic styles, as well as differing degrees of calls for action and varying amounts of illocutionary force. The analysis also illustrates that, while the illocutionary force of tweets is somewhat associated with the adoption of a prosaic and vernacular ethical stance as well as with demands for action, these types of voicing behaviors were not present in the majority of the tweets. These results suggest that, while social media platforms are a popular site for collective forms of voicing activities, it is less certain that these collective stakeholder voices necessarily result in forceful accountability demands that spill out of the communication medium and thus serve as an impulse for positive social change.},
  author = {Neu, Dean and Saxton, Gregory and Everett, Jeffery and Shiraz, Abu Rahaman},
  date-added = {2019-04-19 17:09:57 +0000},
  date-modified = {2023-09-10 17:58:11 -0400},
  doi = {10.1007/s10551-018-3997-9},
  journal = {Journal of {B}usiness {E}thics},
  pages = {473-485},
  title = {{Speaking truth to power: Twitter reactions to the Panama Papers}},
  volume = {162},
  year = {2020},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3997-9}}

• Xu, W. (., & Saxton, G. D. (2019). Does stakeholder engagement pay off on social media? A social capital perspective. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 48(1), 28-49. [BibTeX] [Abstract]
  

  Nonprofits use social media to pursue a broad range of mission-related outcomes. Given the centrality of user connections and social networks on these sites, attaining these outcomes is contingent on first generating a stock of online social capital through investing in online relationships. Yet, little is known empirically about this process. To better understand the return on social media, this study develops empirical measures of four key dimensions of social media–based social capital centering on the nature of nonprofits’ network positions and stakeholder ties. The study then tests a series of hypotheses relating the increase in social capital to different types of stakeholder engagement tactics. Using Twitter data on 198 community foundations, the study finds that content with multiple communication cues and intersectoral stakeholder targeting predict higher levels of social capital; communicative and stakeholder diversity, thus, appear to play a key role in the successful organizational use of social media.

  @article{Xu2019,
  abstract = { Nonprofits use social media to pursue a broad range of mission-related outcomes. Given the centrality of user connections and social networks on these sites, attaining these outcomes is contingent on first generating a stock of online social capital through investing in online relationships. Yet, little is known empirically about this process. To better understand the return on social media, this study develops empirical measures of four key dimensions of social media--based social capital centering on the nature of nonprofits' network positions and stakeholder ties. The study then tests a series of hypotheses relating the increase in social capital to different types of stakeholder engagement tactics. Using Twitter data on 198 community foundations, the study finds that content with multiple communication cues and intersectoral stakeholder targeting predict higher levels of social capital; communicative and stakeholder diversity, thus, appear to play a key role in the successful organizational use of social media. },
  author = {Weiai (Wayne) Xu and Gregory D. Saxton},
  date-added = {2019-04-19 17:02:20 +0000},
  date-modified = {2019-04-19 17:19:23 +0000},
  doi = {10.1177/0899764018791267},
  journal = {Nonprofit and {V}oluntary {S}ector {Q}uarterly},
  number = {1},
  pages = {28-49},
  title = {Does stakeholder engagement pay off on social media? {A} social capital perspective},
  volume = {48},
  year = {2019},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018791267}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Neely, D. G. (2019). The relationship between Sarbanes–Oxley policies and donor advisories in nonprofit organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 158, 333-351. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  This study examines the impact of Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) on the nonprofit sector. Focusing on three key SOX policies applicable to charities–-conflict-of-interest policies, records retention policies, and whistleblower policies–-this study tests the relationship between the existence and addition of these policies on subsequent ethical and governance lapses as reflected in the issuance of “donor advisories” by the large third-party ratings agency Charity Navigator. The findings suggest that, controlling for other relevant organizational factors, the three SOX-inspired written policies are related to a reduced likelihood of donor advisories in the organizations rated by Charity Navigator.

  @article{Saxton2018a,
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of Sarbanes--Oxley (SOX) on the nonprofit sector. Focusing on three key SOX policies applicable to charities---conflict-of-interest policies, records retention policies, and whistleblower policies---this study tests the relationship between the existence and addition of these policies on subsequent ethical and governance lapses as reflected in the issuance of ``donor advisories'' by the large third-party ratings agency Charity Navigator. The findings suggest that, controlling for other relevant organizational factors, the three SOX-inspired written policies are related to a reduced likelihood of donor advisories in the organizations rated by Charity Navigator.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D and Neely, Daniel G},
  date-added = {2018-04-26 23:48:45 +0000},
  date-modified = {2019-12-03 18:17:13 +0000},
  doi = {10.1007/s10551-018-3843-0},
  issn = {1573-0697},
  journal = {Journal of {B}usiness {E}thics},
  pages = {333-351},
  title = {{The relationship between Sarbanes--Oxley policies and donor advisories in nonprofit organizations}},
  url = {http://rdcu.be/JEld},
  volume = {158},
  year = {2019},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3843-0},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3843-0}}

• Neu, D., Saxton, G., Everett, J., & Shiraz, A. R. (2019). Twitter and social accountability: Reactions to the Panama Papers. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 61, 38-53. [BibTeX]

  @article{Neu2019,
  author = {Neu, Dean and Saxton, Gregory and Everett, Jeffery and Shiraz, Abu Rahaman},
  date-added = {2019-04-19 17:09:52 +0000},
  date-modified = {2019-12-03 18:12:57 +0000},
  journal = {Critical {P}erspectives on {A}ccounting},
  pages = {38-53},
  title = {{Twitter and social accountability: Reactions to the Panama Papers}},
  volume = {61},
  year = {2019}}

• Saxton, G. D., Gomez, L. M., Ngoh, Z., Lin, C., & Dietrich, S. (2019). Do CSR messages resonate? Examining public reactions to firms’ CSR efforts on social media. Journal of Business Ethics, 155, 359-377. [BibTeX] [Abstract]
  

  We posit a key goal of firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts is to influence reputation through carefully crafted communicative practices. This trend has accelerated with the rise of social media such as Twitter and Facebook, which are essentially public message networks that organizations are leveraging to engage with concerned audiences. Given the large number of messages sent on these sites, only some will be effective and achieve broad public resonance. Building on signaling theory, this paper asks whether and how messages conveying CSR-related topics resonate with the public and, if so, which CSR topics and signal qualities are most effective. We test our hypotheses using data on public reactions to Fortune 500 companies’ CSR-focused Twitter feeds, using the retweeting (sharing) of firms’ messages as a proxy for public resonance. We find resonance is positively associated with messages that convey CSR topics such as the environment or education, those that make the topic explicit through use of hashtags, and those that tap into existing social movement discussions.

  @article{Saxton2017,
  abstract = {We posit a key goal of firms' corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts is to influence reputation through carefully crafted communicative practices. This trend has accelerated with the rise of social media such as Twitter and Facebook, which are essentially public message networks that organizations are leveraging to engage with concerned audiences. Given the large number of messages sent on these sites, only some will be effective and achieve broad public resonance. Building on signaling theory, this paper asks whether and how messages conveying CSR-related topics resonate with the public and, if so, which CSR topics and signal qualities are most effective. We test our hypotheses using data on public reactions to Fortune 500 companies' CSR-focused Twitter feeds, using the retweeting (sharing) of firms' messages as a proxy for public resonance. We find resonance is positively associated with messages that convey CSR topics such as the environment or education, those that make the topic explicit through use of hashtags, and those that tap into existing social movement discussions.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Gomez, Lina M. and Ngoh, Zed and Lin, Clair and Dietrich, Sarah},
  date-added = {2018-03-05 21:36:24 +0000},
  date-modified = {2019-12-03 18:14:39 +0000},
  doi = {10.1007/s10551–017–3464–z},
  journal = {Journal of {B}usiness {E}thics},
  pages = {359-377},
  title = {{Do CSR messages resonate? Examining public reactions to firms' CSR efforts on social media}},
  volume = {155},
  year = {2019},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551%E2%80%93017%E2%80%933464%E2%80%93z}}

• Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2018). Speaking and being heard: How nonprofit advocacy organizations gain attention on social media. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(1), 5-26. [BibTeX] [Abstract]
  

  The social media era ushers in an increasingly “noisy” information environment that renders it more difficult for nonprofit advocacy organizations to make their voices heard. How then can an organization gain attention on social media? We address this question by building and testing a model of the effectiveness of the Twitter use of advocacy organizations. Using number of retweets and number of favorites as proxies of attention, we test our hypotheses with a 12-month panel dataset that collapses by month and organization the 219,915 tweets sent by 145 organizations in 2013. We find that attention is strongly associated with the size of an organization’s network, its frequency of speech, and the number of conversations it joins. We also find a seemingly contradictory relationship between different measures of attention and an organization’s targeting and connecting strategy.

  @article{Guo:2018,
  abstract = { The social media era ushers in an increasingly ``noisy'' information environment that renders it more difficult for nonprofit advocacy organizations to make their voices heard. How then can an organization gain attention on social media? We address this question by building and testing a model of the effectiveness of the Twitter use of advocacy organizations. Using number of retweets and number of favorites as proxies of attention, we test our hypotheses with a 12-month panel dataset that collapses by month and organization the 219,915 tweets sent by 145 organizations in 2013. We find that attention is strongly associated with the size of an organization's network, its frequency of speech, and the number of conversations it joins. We also find a seemingly contradictory relationship between different measures of attention and an organization's targeting and connecting strategy. },
  author = {Chao Guo and Gregory D. Saxton},
  date-added = {2018-03-06 18:37:50 +0000},
  date-modified = {2019-04-19 17:14:02 +0000},
  doi = {10.1177/0899764017713724},
  journal = {Nonprofit and {V}oluntary {S}ector {Q}uarterly},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5-26},
  title = {Speaking and being heard: {H}ow nonprofit advocacy organizations gain attention on social media},
  volume = {47},
  year = {2018},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764017713724},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764017713724}}

• Anderson, K. B., & Saxton, G. D. (2016). Smiles, babies, and status symbols: The persuasive effects of image choices in small-entrepreneur crowdfunding requests. International Journal of Communication, 10, 22. [BibTeX] [PDF]

  @article{Anderson2016,
  author = {Anderson, Kenton Bruce and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2018-03-06 20:06:04 +0000},
  date-modified = {2018-03-06 20:08:37 +0000},
  journal = {International {J}ournal of {C}ommunication},
  pages = {22},
  title = {Smiles, Babies, and Status Symbols: {T}he Persuasive Effects of Image Choices in Small-Entrepreneur Crowdfunding Requests},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234036361_Smiles_Babies_and_Status_Symbols_The_Persuasive_Effects_of_Image_Choices_in_Small-Entrepreneur_Crowdfunding_Requests},
  volume = {10},
  year = {2016},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234036361_Smiles_Babies_and_Status_Symbols_The_Persuasive_Effects_of_Image_Choices_in_Small-Entrepreneur_Crowdfunding_Requests}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Ghosh, A. (2016). Curating for engagement: Identifying the nature and impact of organizational marketing strategies on Pinterest. First Monday, 21(9). [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  In an increasingly overloaded information environment sparked by the explosion of digital media, the ability to curate content has taken on greater importance. This study begins with the supposition that businesses that are able to adopt a content curation role and help consumers sort through the daily influx of information may be more successful in attracting, engaging, and retaining customers while fostering brand awareness and word of mouth. Accordingly, this study investigates organizational marketing strategies on Pinterest, the fifth most popular U.S. social media site and the largest social curation platform. Pinterest effectively offers a unique opportunity for businesses to engage customers through social curation strategies, and in this paper we set out to address two related questions. First, how are organizations communicating with current and potential customers on Pinterest? And second, how effective are these strategies? We address these questions by inductively analyzing 1,095 “pins” sent by 18 cosmetic surgery businesses. Undertaking analyses at the pin, board, and account levels, we ultimately identify three distinct pinning strategies: Lifestyle, Information Source, and Market Creator. These strategies are then related to the effectiveness of brand awareness and word of mouth, using the number of repins as the primary measure of “reach” of a marketing campaign. The Lifestyle strategy had the biggest impact, generating the largest number of repins. The implications of these social curation strategies for social media marketing are explored.

  @article{Saxton2016,
  abstract = {In an increasingly overloaded information environment sparked by the explosion of digital media, the ability to curate content has taken on greater importance. This study begins with the supposition that businesses that are able to adopt a content curation role and help consumers sort through the daily influx of information may be more successful in attracting, engaging, and retaining customers while fostering brand awareness and word of mouth. Accordingly, this study investigates organizational marketing strategies on Pinterest, the fifth most popular U.S. social media site and the largest social curation platform. Pinterest effectively offers a unique opportunity for businesses to engage customers through social curation strategies, and in this paper we set out to address two related questions. First, how are organizations communicating with current and potential customers on Pinterest? And second, how effective are these strategies? We address these questions by inductively analyzing 1,095 ``pins'' sent by 18 cosmetic surgery businesses. Undertaking analyses at the pin, board, and account levels, we ultimately identify three distinct pinning strategies: Lifestyle, Information Source, and Market Creator. These strategies are then related to the effectiveness of brand awareness and word of mouth, using the number of repins as the primary measure of ``reach'' of a marketing campaign. The Lifestyle strategy had the biggest impact, generating the largest number of repins. The implications of these social curation strategies for social media marketing are explored.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D and Ghosh, Amanda},
  date-added = {2018-03-06 19:53:04 +0000},
  date-modified = {2018-03-06 19:55:24 +0000},
  doi = {10.5210/fm.v21i9.6020},
  journal = {First {M}onday},
  number = {9},
  title = {Curating for engagement: {I}dentifying the nature and impact of organizational marketing strategies on {P}interest},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/307617862_Curating_for_engagement_Identifying_the_nature_and_impact_of_organizational_marketing_strategies_on_Pinterest},
  volume = {21},
  year = {2016},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/307617862_Curating_for_engagement_Identifying_the_nature_and_impact_of_organizational_marketing_strategies_on_Pinterest},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i9.6020}}

• Huang, Y., Lin, Y., & Saxton, G. D. (2016). Give me a like: How HIV/AIDS nonprofit organizations can engage their audience on Facebook. Aids Education and Prevention, 28(6), 539–556. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  With the rapid proliferation and adoption of social media among healthcare professionals and organizations, social media-based HIV/AIDS intervention programs have become increasingly popular. However, the question of the effectiveness of the HIV/AIDS messages disseminated on social media has received scant attention in the literature. The current study applies content analysis to examine the relationship between Facebook messaging strategies employed by 110 HIV/AIDS nonprofit organizations and audience reactions in the form of liking, commenting, and sharing behavior. The results reveal that HIV/AIDS nonprofit organizations often use informational messages as one-way communication with their audience instead of dialogic interactions. Some specific types of messages, such as medication-focused messages, engender better audience engagement; in contrast, event-related messages and call-to-action messages appear to translate into lower corresponding audience reactions. The findings provide guidance to HIV/AIDS organizations in developing effective social media communication strategies.

  @article{Huang:2016,
  abstract = {With the rapid proliferation and adoption of social media among healthcare professionals and organizations, social media-based HIV/AIDS intervention programs have become increasingly popular. However, the question of the effectiveness of the HIV/AIDS messages disseminated on social media has received scant attention in the literature. The current study applies content analysis to examine the relationship between Facebook messaging strategies employed by 110 HIV/AIDS nonprofit organizations and audience reactions in the form of liking, commenting, and sharing behavior. The results reveal that HIV/AIDS nonprofit organizations often use informational messages as one-way communication with their audience instead of dialogic interactions. Some specific types of messages, such as medication-focused messages, engender better audience engagement; in contrast, event-related messages and call-to-action messages appear to translate into lower corresponding audience reactions. The findings provide guidance to HIV/AIDS organizations in developing effective social media communication strategies.},
  annote = {doi: 10.1521/aeap.2016.28.6.539},
  author = {Huang, Yu-Chao and Lin, Yi-Pin and Saxton, Gregory D.},
  date-added = {2018-03-06 19:48:51 +0000},
  date-modified = {2018-03-06 19:50:14 +0000},
  doi = {10.1521/aeap.2016.28.6.539},
  journal = {AIDS {E}ducation and {P}revention},
  number = {6},
  pages = {539--556},
  title = {Give Me a Like: {H}ow {HIV/AIDS} Nonprofit Organizations Can Engage Their Audience on {F}acebook},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/311499865_Give_me_a_like_How_HIVAIDS_nonprofit_organizations_can_engage_their_audience_on_Facebook://www.researchgate.net/publication/311499865_Give_me_a_like_How_HIVAIDS_nonprofit_organizations_can_engage_their_audience_on_Facebook://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2016.28.6.539},
  volume = {28},
  year = {2016},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2016.28.6.539},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2016.28.6.539}}

• Stefanone, M. A., Saxton, G. D., Egnoto, M. J., Wei, W. X., & Fu, Y.. (2015). Image attributes and diffusion via Twitter: The case of #guncontrol. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 48th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science (hicss), Kauai, HI, January 5-8, 2015.. [BibTeX] [PDF]

  @inproceedings{Stefanone2015,
  author = {Stefanone, M A and Saxton, Gregory D and Egnoto, Michael J and Wei, Wayne X and Fu, Yun},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 48th {A}nnual {H}awaii {I}nternational {C}onference on {S}ystems {S}cience (HICSS), {K}auai, {HI}, {J}anuary 5-8, 2015.},
  date-added = {2018-03-06 20:12:23 +0000},
  date-modified = {2018-03-06 20:14:55 +0000},
  doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2015.216},
  title = {{Image attributes and diffusion via Twitter: The case of {#}guncontrol}},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280092719_Image_Attributes_and_Diffusion_via_Twitter_The_Case_of_guncontrol},
  year = {2015},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280092719_Image_Attributes_and_Diffusion_via_Twitter_The_Case_of_guncontrol},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2015.216}}

• Saxton, G. D., Niyirora, J., Guo, C., & Waters, R. D. (2015). #AdvocatingForChange: The strategic use of hashtags in social media. Advances in social work, 16, 154–169. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Social media continues to change how advocacy organizations mobilize, educate, and connect with their constituents. One of the most unique yet understudied tools available on social media platforms is the hashtag. Little research exists on how social work and advocacy organizations use hashtags, much less on how such use can be effective. This study examines the hashtag use by 105 constituent members of the National Health Council, a national US-based patient/health advocacy coalition. The study presents an inductive coding scheme of the types of hashtags employed, analyzes inter-sectoral differences in hashtag usage, and examines the relationship between hashtag use and measures of the effectiveness of social media messages.

  @article{Saxton2015b,
  abstract = {Social media continues to change how advocacy organizations mobilize, educate, and connect with their constituents. One of the most unique yet understudied tools available on social media platforms is the hashtag. Little research exists on how social work and advocacy organizations use hashtags, much less on how such use can be effective. This study examines the hashtag use by 105 constituent members of the National Health Council, a national US-based patient/health advocacy coalition. The study presents an inductive coding scheme of the types of hashtags employed, analyzes inter-sectoral differences in hashtag usage, and examines the relationship between hashtag use and measures of the effectiveness of social media messages.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D and Niyirora, Jerome and Guo, Chao and Waters, Richard D},
  date-added = {2018-03-06 20:09:16 +0000},
  date-modified = {2018-03-06 20:11:45 +0000},
  journal = {Advances in Social Work},
  pages = {154--169},
  title = {{{#}AdvocatingForChange: The strategic use of hashtags in social media}},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregory_Saxton/publication/228285866_Fiscal_Constraints_and_the_Loss_Of_Home_Rule_The_Long-Term_Impacts_of_California's_Post-Proposition_13_Fiscal_Regime/links/09e4150e70494a69c1000000.pdf},
  volume = {16},
  year = {2015},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregory_Saxton/publication/228285866_Fiscal_Constraints_and_the_Loss_Of_Home_Rule_The_Long-Term_Impacts_of_California's_Post-Proposition_13_Fiscal_Regime/links/09e4150e70494a69c1000000.pdf}}

• Saxton, G. D. (2015). Discussant comment on “is tone at the top associated with financial reporting aggressiveness?” by Lorenzo Patelli, Matteo Pedrini. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(1), 21–24. [BibTeX] [PDF]

  @article{Saxton2015,
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D.},
  date-added = {2018-03-06 18:22:36 +0000},
  date-modified = {2018-03-06 18:35:10 +0000},
  doi = {10.1007/s10551-013-2040-4},
  journal = {Journal of {B}usiness {E}thics},
  number = {1},
  pages = {21--24},
  title = {Discussant Comment on ``Is Tone at the Top Associated with Financial Reporting Aggressiveness?'' by {L}orenzo {P}atelli, {M}atteo {P}edrini},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/271922317_Discussant_Comment_on_Is_Tone_at_the_Top_Associated_with_Financial_Reporting_Aggressiveness_by_Lorenzo_Patelli_Matteo_Pedrini},
  volume = {126},
  year = {2015},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-2040-4},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-2040-4}}

• Suddaby, R., Saxton, G. D., & Gunz, S. (2015). Twittering change: The institutional work of domain change in accounting expertise. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 45, 52-68. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  This paper develops an endogenous model of institutional and professional domain change. Traditional accounts of domain change focus attention on how professional expertise is extended to new areas of practice. This form of domain extension is typically both deliberate and contested. However, domain change can also occur in a somewhat quotidian and uncontested fashion when professional expertise is extended intra-organizationally. We analyze the ways in which the domain of accounting expertise is being reconstituted in new social media – Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter – in Big 4 accounting firms. Using content analysis and interview data we show how social media professionals, in pursuing their own professional project, generate change in the domain of accountancy. Our analysis demonstrates that the institutional work of domain change occurs through three related activities; boundary work, rhetorical work and the construction of the embedded actor.

  @article{suddaby2015twittering,
  abstract = {This paper develops an endogenous model of institutional and professional domain change. Traditional accounts of domain change focus attention on how professional expertise is extended to new areas of practice. This form of domain extension is typically both deliberate and contested. However, domain change can also occur in a somewhat quotidian and uncontested fashion when professional expertise is extended intra-organizationally. We analyze the ways in which the domain of accounting expertise is being reconstituted in new social media - Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter - in Big 4 accounting firms. Using content analysis and interview data we show how social media professionals, in pursuing their own professional project, generate change in the domain of accountancy. Our analysis demonstrates that the institutional work of domain change occurs through three related activities; boundary work, rhetorical work and the construction of the embedded actor.},
  author = {Suddaby, Roy and Saxton, Gregory D and Gunz, Sally},
  date-added = {2015-08-18 05:30:11 +0000},
  date-modified = {2018-03-06 18:48:36 +0000},
  doi = {10.1016/j.aos.2015.07.002},
  journal = {Accounting, {O}rganizations and {S}ociety},
  pages = {52-68},
  title = {Twittering change: {T}he institutional work of domain change in accounting expertise},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280090716_Twittering_Change_The_Institutional_Work_of_Domain_Change_in_Accounting_Expertise},
  volume = {45},
  year = {2015},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280090716_Twittering_Change_The_Institutional_Work_of_Domain_Change_in_Accounting_Expertise},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2015.07.002}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Guo, C. (2014). Online stakeholder targeting and the acquisition of social media capital. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 19(4), 286–300. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  The diffusion of social media has opened new possibilities for targeted stakeholder communication and, with it, new forms of organizational resources. This article examines the nexus between social media-based stakeholder communication and the acquisition of social media-based resources, referred to here as social media capital. After laying out a conceptual mapping of both targeted stakeholder communication and social media capital, the article turns to an inductive analysis of the relationship between the messages 117 US community foundations are sending to their core stakeholders on Twitter and subsequent levels of social media capital. The article thus contributes to the existing literature by elaborating new forms of targeted stakeholder communication, a new type of organizational resource, and the relationship between the two.

  @article{Saxton2014c,
  abstract = {The diffusion of social media has opened new possibilities for targeted stakeholder communication and, with it, new forms of organizational resources. This article examines the nexus between social media-based stakeholder communication and the acquisition of social media-based resources, referred to here as social media capital. After laying out a conceptual mapping of both targeted stakeholder communication and social media capital, the article turns to an inductive analysis of the relationship between the messages 117 US community foundations are sending to their core stakeholders on Twitter and subsequent levels of social media capital. The article thus contributes to the existing literature by elaborating new forms of targeted stakeholder communication, a new type of organizational resource, and the relationship between the two.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D and Guo, Chao},
  date-added = {2018-03-06 20:15:36 +0000},
  date-modified = {2018-03-06 20:16:30 +0000},
  doi = {10.1002/nvsm.1504},
  journal = {International {J}ournal of {N}onprofit and {V}oluntary {S}ector {M}arketing},
  number = {4},
  pages = {286--300},
  title = {{Online stakeholder targeting and the acquisition of social media capital}},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267396266_Online_Stakeholder_Targeting_and_the_Acquisition_of_Social_Media_Capital},
  volume = {19},
  year = {2014},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1504}}

• Guidry, J. P. D., Waters, R. D., & Saxton, G. D. (2014). Moving social marketing beyond personal change to social change: Strategically using Twitter to mobilize supporters into vocal advocates. Journal of Social Marketing, 4(3), 240–260. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  This paper aims to examine what type of messaging on Twitter is most effective for helping move social marketing beyond focusing on personal changes to find out what messages help turn members of the public into vocal advocates for these organizations’ social changes. Social marketing scholarship has regularly focused on how organizations can effectively influence changes in awareness and behaviors among their targeted audience. Communication scholarship, however, has repeatedly shown that the most influential form of persuasion happens interpersonally. As such, it is imperative that organizations learn how to engage audiences and facilitate the discussion about organizational messages between individuals. Social media provide platforms for such conversations, as organizational messaging can be shared and discussed by individuals with others in their networks.

  @article{Guidry2014,
  abstract = {This paper aims to examine what type of messaging on Twitter is most effective for helping move social marketing beyond focusing on personal changes to find out what messages help turn members of the public into vocal advocates for these organizations' social changes. Social marketing scholarship has regularly focused on how organizations can effectively influence changes in awareness and behaviors among their targeted audience. Communication scholarship, however, has repeatedly shown that the most influential form of persuasion happens interpersonally. As such, it is imperative that organizations learn how to engage audiences and facilitate the discussion about organizational messages between individuals. Social media provide platforms for such conversations, as organizational messaging can be shared and discussed by individuals with others in their networks.},
  author = {Guidry, Jeanine P D and Waters, Richard D and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2018-03-06 19:40:07 +0000},
  date-modified = {2018-03-06 19:43:57 +0000},
  doi = {10.1108/JSOCM-02-2014-0014},
  journal = {Journal of {S}ocial {M}arketing},
  number = {3},
  pages = {240--260},
  title = {{Moving social marketing beyond personal change to social change: Strategically using Twitter to mobilize supporters into vocal advocates}},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280181145_Moving_social_marketing_beyond_personal_change_to_social_change},
  volume = {4},
  year = {2014},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JSOCM-02-2014-0014},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-02-2014-0014}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Waters, R. D. (2014). What do stakeholders ‘like’ on Facebook? Examining public reactions to nonprofit organizations’ informational, promotional, and community-building messages. Journal of Public Relations Research, advanced online publication. [BibTeX] [Abstract]
  

  Though public relations scholarship has often discussed the possibilities of dialogue and engagement using social media, research has not truly explored this dynamic. Instead, research on social media platforms has focused on measuring the content and structure of organizational profiles. This study seeks to enhance the field’s discussion about social media engagement by determining what organizational content individual stakeholders prefer on Facebook in terms of liking, commenting, and sharing. A content analysis of 1,000 updates from organizations on the Nonprofit Times 100 list indicates that, based on what they comment on and “like,” individuals prefer dialogic as well as certain forms of mobilizational messages; however, they are more likely to share one-way informational messages with their own networks. These findings are interpreted using practical and theoretical implications for the practice of public relations.

  @article{Saxton2014b,
  abstract = {Though public relations scholarship has often discussed the possibilities of dialogue and engagement using social media, research has not truly explored this dynamic. Instead, research on social media platforms has focused on measuring the content and structure of organizational profiles. This study seeks to enhance the field's discussion about social media engagement by determining what organizational content individual stakeholders prefer on Facebook in terms of liking, commenting, and sharing. A content analysis of 1,000 updates from organizations on the Nonprofit Times 100 list indicates that, based on what they comment on and ``like,'' individuals prefer dialogic as well as certain forms of mobilizational messages; however, they are more likely to share one-way informational messages with their own networks. These findings are interpreted using practical and theoretical implications for the practice of public relations.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Waters, Richard D.},
  date-added = {2014-04-24 19:18:01 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:37:00 +0000},
  journal = {Journal of {P}ublic {R}elations {R}esearch},
  pages = {advanced online publication},
  title = {What do Stakeholders 'Like' on {F}acebook? {E}xamining Public Reactions to Nonprofit Organizations' Informational, Promotional, and Community-Building Messages},
  year = {2014}}

• Saxton, G. D., Neely, D., & Guo, C. (2014). Web disclosure and the market for charitable contributions. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 33, 127-144. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Nonprofit organizations face intense competition in the market for “investors” – donors who are willing to finance the organization’s social output. Increasingly, donation decisions are made online, and organizations have responded by implementing substantive Internet disclosure and reporting regimes. We posit here that the voluntary disclosure of financial and performance information inherent in these regimes provides additional relevant information to market participants, and thus has a positive impact on the receipt of charitable contributions. We test our hypotheses on two samples of US nonprofit organizations by building on the well established “economic model of giving” (Weisbrod & Dominguez, 1986), which has donations serving as the proxy for demand. Our central research question is thus: Are donors willing to “pay” for Web disclosure? Results indicate a positive relationship between the level of charitable contributions and the amount of financial- and performance-related disclosure provided by an organization on its website; however, conditions dictate whether performance or financial disclosure dominates. The results suggest web disclosures are value relevant in the market for charitable contributions.

  @article{Saxton2014,
  abstract = {Nonprofit organizations face intense competition in the market for "investors" -- donors who are willing to finance the organization's social output. Increasingly, donation decisions are made online, and organizations have responded by implementing substantive Internet disclosure and reporting regimes. We posit here that the voluntary disclosure of financial and performance information inherent in these regimes provides additional relevant information to market participants, and thus has a positive impact on the receipt of charitable contributions. We test our hypotheses on two samples of US nonprofit organizations by building on the well established "economic model of giving" (Weisbrod & Dominguez, 1986), which has donations serving as the proxy for demand. Our central research question is thus: Are donors willing to "pay" for Web disclosure? Results indicate a positive relationship between the level of charitable contributions and the amount of financial- and performance-related disclosure provided by an organization on its website; however, conditions dictate whether performance or financial disclosure dominates. The results suggest web disclosures are value relevant in the market for charitable contributions.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Neely, Daniel and Guo, Chao},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:13:27 +0000},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2013.12.003},
  journal = {Journal of {A}ccounting and {P}ublic {P}olicy},
  keywords = {Voluntary disclosure; Internet financial reporting; nonprofit organizations; donations; charitable contributions},
  pages = {127-144},
  title = {Web disclosure and the market for charitable contributions},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1912966},
  volume = {33},
  year = {2014},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1912966},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2013.12.003}}

• Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2014). Tweeting social change: How social media are changing nonprofit advocacy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43, 57-79. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  How are nonprofit organizations utilizing social media to engage in advocacy work? We address this question by investigating the social media use of 188 501(c)(3) advocacy organizations. After briefly examining the types of social media technologies employed, we turn to an in-depth examination of the organizations’ use of Twitter. This in-depth message-level analysis is twofold: a content analysis that examines the prevalence of previously identified communicative and advocacy constructs in nonprofits’ social media messages; and an inductive analysis that explores the unique features and dynamics of social media-based advocacy and identifies new organizational practices and forms of communication heretofore unseen in the literature.

  @article{Guo2014,
  abstract = {How are nonprofit organizations utilizing social media to engage in advocacy work? We address this question by investigating the social media use of 188 501(c)(3) advocacy organizations. After briefly examining the types of social media technologies employed, we turn to an in-depth examination of the organizations' use of Twitter. This in-depth message-level analysis is twofold: a content analysis that examines the prevalence of previously identified communicative and advocacy constructs in nonprofits' social media messages; and an inductive analysis that explores the unique features and dynamics of social media-based advocacy and identifies new organizational practices and forms of communication heretofore unseen in the literature.},
  author = {Guo, Chao and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 02:57:25 +0000},
  doi = {10.1177/0899764012471585},
  journal = {Nonprofit and {V}oluntary {S}ector {Q}uarterly},
  pages = {57-79},
  title = {Tweeting Social Change: {H}ow Social Media Are Changing Nonprofit Advocacy},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2247136},
  volume = {43},
  year = {2014},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2247136},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764012471585}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Wang, L. (2014). The social network effect: The determinants of giving through social media. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43, 850-868. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter, and Crowdrise offer new ways for nonprofits to engage the community in fundraising efforts. This study employs data from Facebook Causes to examine the nature and determinants of charitable giving in social networking environments. Our findings suggest donations on these sites are not driven by the same factors as in “off-line” settings. Instead, a social network effect takes precedence over traditional economic explanations. Facebook donors do not seem to care about efficiency ratios, their donations are typically small, and fundraising success is related not to the organization’s financial capacity but to its “Web capacity.” Moreover, online donors are prone to contribute to certain categories of causes more than others, especially those related to health. Given the growth in social media-driven fundraising – and the increase in crowdfunding, slacktivism, impulse donating, and other new practices this entails – these findings carry notable theoretical and practical implications.

  @article{Saxton2014_social,
  abstract = {Social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter, and Crowdrise offer new ways for nonprofits to engage the community in fundraising efforts. This study employs data from Facebook Causes to examine the nature and determinants of charitable giving in social networking environments. Our findings suggest donations on these sites are not driven by the same factors as in ``off-line'' settings. Instead, a social network effect takes precedence over traditional economic explanations. Facebook donors do not seem to care about efficiency ratios, their donations are typically small, and fundraising success is related not to the organization's financial capacity but to its ``Web capacity.'' Moreover, online donors are prone to contribute to certain categories of causes more than others, especially those related to health. Given the growth in social media-driven fundraising -- and the increase in crowdfunding, slacktivism, impulse donating, and other new practices this entails -- these findings carry notable theoretical and practical implications.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Wang, Lili},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2015-08-18 05:32:24 +0000},
  doi = {10.1177/0899764013485159},
  journal = {Nonprofit and {V}oluntary {S}ector {Q}uarterly},
  pages = {850-868},
  title = {The social network effect: {T}he determinants of giving through social media},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2247138},
  volume = {43},
  year = {2014},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2247138},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764013485159}}

• Nah, S., & Saxton, G. D. (2013). Modeling the adoption and use of social media by nonprofit organizations. New Media & Society, 15, 294-313. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  This study examines what drives organizational adoption and use of social media through a model built around four key factors – strategy, capacity, governance and environment. Using Twitter, Facebook, and other data on 100 large US nonprofit organizations, the model is employed to examine the determinants of three key facets of social media utilization: (1) adoption, (2) frequency of use and (3) dialogue. We find that organizational strategies, capacities, governance features and external pressures all play a part in these social media adoption and utilization outcomes. Through its integrated, multi-disciplinary theoretical perspective, this study thus helps foster understanding of which types of organizations are able and willing to adopt and juggle multiple social media accounts, to use those accounts to communicate more frequently with their external publics, and to build relationships with those publics through the sending of dialogic messages.

  @article{Nah2013,
  abstract = {This study examines what drives organizational adoption and use of social media through a model built around four key factors -- strategy, capacity, governance and environment. Using Twitter, Facebook, and other data on 100 large US nonprofit organizations, the model is employed to examine the determinants of three key facets of social media utilization: (1) adoption, (2) frequency of use and (3) dialogue. We find that organizational strategies, capacities, governance features and external pressures all play a part in these social media adoption and utilization outcomes. Through its integrated, multi-disciplinary theoretical perspective, this study thus helps foster understanding of which types of organizations are able and willing to adopt and juggle multiple social media accounts, to use those accounts to communicate more frequently with their external publics, and to build relationships with those publics through the sending of dialogic messages.},
  author = {Nah, Seungahn and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:14:27 +0000},
  doi = {10.1177/1461444812452411},
  journal = {New {M}edia & {S}ociety},
  pages = {294-313},
  title = {Modeling the adoption and use of social media by nonprofit organizations},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2130630},
  volume = {15},
  year = {2013},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2130630},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444812452411}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Anker, A. E. (2013). The aggregate effects of decentralized knowledge production: Financial bloggers and information asymmetries in the stock market. Journal of Communication, 63, 1054-1069. [BibTeX] [Abstract]
  

  New media have markedly enhanced individuals’ capacity to produce and disseminate original knowledge; however, the literature has not extensively examined the broad effects of such decentralized production processes. This study thus focuses on a unique context–-the stock market–-in which it is possible to test the aggregate impact of blog-based information production. Using data on 150 top financial bloggers and stock returns from the S&P 500, this study supports the hypothesis that financial blogging activity diminishes harmful information asymmetries between key market investors. This study thus adds to the “media effects” literature, highlights the societal relevance of bloggers, and shows how economic concepts and financial market settings can be employed for powerfully testing communication theories.

  @article{Saxton2013,
  abstract = {New media have markedly enhanced individuals' capacity to produce and disseminate original knowledge; however, the literature has not extensively examined the broad effects of such decentralized production processes. This study thus focuses on a unique context---the stock market---in which it is possible to test the aggregate impact of blog-based information production. Using data on 150 top financial bloggers and stock returns from the S&P 500, this study supports the hypothesis that financial blogging activity diminishes harmful information asymmetries between key market investors. This study thus adds to the ``media effects'' literature, highlights the societal relevance of bloggers, and shows how economic concepts and financial market settings can be employed for powerfully testing communication theories.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Anker, Ashley E},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:14:37 +0000},
  doi = {10.1111/jcom.12060},
  journal = {Journal of {C}ommunication},
  pages = {1054-1069},
  title = {The Aggregate Effects of Decentralized Knowledge Production: {F}inancial Bloggers and Information Asymmetries in the Stock Market},
  volume = {63},
  year = {2013},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12060}}

• Saxton, G. D., Oh, O., & Kishore, R. (2013). Rules of crowdsourcing: Models, issues, and systems of control. Information Systems Management, 30, 2-20. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  In this paper, we first provide a practical yet rigorous definition of crowdsourcing that incorporates “crowds,” outsourcing, and social web technologies. We then analyze 103 well-known crowdsourcing websites using content analysis methods and the hermeneutic reading principle. Based on our analysis, we develop a “taxonomic theory” of crowdsourcing by organizing the empirical variants in nine distinct forms of crowdsourcing models. We also discuss key issues and directions, concentrating on the notion of managerial control systems.

  @article{Saxton2013b,
  abstract = {In this paper, we first provide a practical yet rigorous definition of crowdsourcing that incorporates ``crowds,'' outsourcing, and social web technologies. We then analyze 103 well-known crowdsourcing websites using content analysis methods and the hermeneutic reading principle. Based on our analysis, we develop a ``taxonomic theory'' of crowdsourcing by organizing the empirical variants in nine distinct forms of crowdsourcing models. We also discuss key issues and directions, concentrating on the notion of managerial control systems.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Oh, Onook and Kishore, Rajiv},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 17:13:08 +0000},
  doi = {10.1080/10580530.2013.739883},
  journal = {Information {S}ystems {M}anagement},
  pages = {2-20},
  title = {Rules of crowdsourcing: {M}odels, issues, and systems of control},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2187999},
  volume = {30},
  year = {2013},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2187999},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2013.739883}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Zhuang, J. (2013). A game-theoretic model of disclosure–donation interactions in the market for charitable contributions. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 41, 40-63. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  The information organizations choose to disclose is a strategic consideration. The “success” of strategic disclosure is contingent in turn on the target audience’s values and preferences. The disclosure of and reaction to organizational information thus involves a strategic interaction between the producer and consumer of the information, yet prior communication research has focused on only one side or the other of this equation. In response, we examine organization-public interactions in a domain with key, measurable outcomes –- the charitable donations marketplace –- and propose a game-theoretic explanation of organizational disclosures and individual donations. The study specifically emphasizes two core donor preferences –- the desire for impact and the desire for publicity –- with donors choosing between organizations based on how well the organization satisfies these preferences. Organizations’ optimal level of disclosure, in turn, depends on their own “type” and the types of donors they attract. This study recommends organizations think of their disclosure and efficiency-related decisions as conveying valuable, yet distinct, information to two ideal-types of prospective donors: the impact maximizer and the publicity maximizer. Mapping and targeting the “right” mix of donors is a key managerial decision that ultimately impacts both the organization’s financial outcomes and donor’s satisfaction with the donation experience.

  @article{Saxton2013d,
  abstract = {The information organizations choose to disclose is a strategic consideration. The ``success'' of strategic disclosure is contingent in turn on the target audience's values and preferences. The disclosure of and reaction to organizational information thus involves a strategic interaction between the producer and consumer of the information, yet prior communication research has focused on only one side or the other of this equation. In response, we examine organization-public interactions in a domain with key, measurable outcomes --- the charitable donations marketplace --- and propose a game-theoretic explanation of organizational disclosures and individual donations. The study specifically emphasizes two core donor preferences --- the desire for impact and the desire for publicity --- with donors choosing between organizations based on how well the organization satisfies these preferences. Organizations' optimal level of disclosure, in turn, depends on their own ``type'' and the types of donors they attract. This study recommends organizations think of their disclosure and efficiency-related decisions as conveying valuable, yet distinct, information to two ideal-types of prospective donors: the impact maximizer and the publicity maximizer. Mapping and targeting the ``right'' mix of donors is a key managerial decision that ultimately impacts both the organization's financial outcomes and donor's satisfaction with the donation experience.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Zhuang, Jun},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 17:11:04 +0000},
  doi = {10.1080/00909882.2012.744076},
  journal = {Journal of {A}pplied {C}ommunication {R}esearch},
  pages = {40-63},
  title = {A Game-Theoretic Model of Disclosure--Donation Interactions in the Market for Charitable Contributions},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2247132},
  volume = {41},
  year = {2013},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2247132},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2012.744076}}

• Lovejoy, K., & Saxton, G. D. (2012). Information, community, and action: How nonprofit organizations use social media. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 17, 337-353. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  The rapid diffusion of `microblogging’ services such as Twitter is ushering in a new era of possibilities for organizations to communicate with and engage their core stakeholders and the general public. To enhance understanding of the communicative functions microblogging serves for organizations, this study examines the Twitter utilization practices of the 100 largest nonprofit organizations in the United States. The analysis reveals there are three key functions of microblogging updates –- `information,’ `community,’ and `action.’ Though the informational use of microblogging is extensive, nonprofit organizations are better at using Twitter to strategically engage their stakeholders via dialogic and community-building practices than they have been with traditional websites. The adoption of social media appears to have engendered new paradigms of public engagement.

  @article{Lovejoy2012,
  abstract = {The rapid diffusion of `microblogging' services such as Twitter is ushering in a new era of possibilities for organizations to communicate with and engage their core stakeholders and the general public. To enhance understanding of the communicative functions microblogging serves for organizations, this study examines the Twitter utilization practices of the 100 largest nonprofit organizations in the United States. The analysis reveals there are three key functions of microblogging updates --- `information,' `community,' and `action.' Though the informational use of microblogging is extensive, nonprofit organizations are better at using Twitter to strategically engage their stakeholders via dialogic and community-building practices than they have been with traditional websites. The adoption of social media appears to have engendered new paradigms of public engagement.},
  author = {Lovejoy, Kristen and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:14:50 +0000},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01576.x},
  journal = {Journal of {C}omputer‐{M}ediated {C}ommunication},
  pages = {337-353},
  title = {Information, Community, and Action: {H}ow Nonprofit Organizations Use Social Media},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2039815},
  volume = {17},
  year = {2012},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2039815},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01576.x}}

• Lovejoy, K., Waters, R. D., & Saxton, G. D. (2012). Engaging stakeholders through Twitter: How nonprofit organizations are getting more out of 140 characters or less. Public Relations Review, 38, 313-318. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  One hundred forty characters seems like too small a space for any meaningful information to be exchanged, but Twitter users have found creative ways to get the most out of each Tweet by using different communication tools. This paper looks into how 73 nonprofit organizations use Twitter to engage stakeholders not only through their tweets, but also through other various communication methods. Specifically, it looks into the organizations’ utilization of tweet frequency, following behavior, hyperlinks, hashtags, public messages, retweets, and multimedia files. After analyzing 4,655 tweets, the study found that the nation’s largest nonprofits are not using Twitter to maximize stakeholder involvement. Instead, they continue to use social media as a one-way communication channel, as less than 20% of their total tweets demonstrate conversations and roughly 16% demonstrate indirect connections to specific users.

  @article{Lovejoy2012b,
  abstract = {One hundred forty characters seems like too small a space for any meaningful information to be exchanged, but Twitter users have found creative ways to get the most out of each Tweet by using different communication tools. This paper looks into how 73 nonprofit organizations use Twitter to engage stakeholders not only through their tweets, but also through other various communication methods. Specifically, it looks into the organizations' utilization of tweet frequency, following behavior, hyperlinks, hashtags, public messages, retweets, and multimedia files. After analyzing 4,655 tweets, the study found that the nation's largest nonprofits are not using Twitter to maximize stakeholder involvement. Instead, they continue to use social media as a one-way communication channel, as less than 20% of their total tweets demonstrate conversations and roughly 16% demonstrate indirect connections to specific users.},
  author = {Lovejoy, Kristen and Waters, Richard D. and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:14:46 +0000},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.01.005},
  journal = {Public {R}elations {R}eview},
  pages = {313-318},
  title = {Engaging stakeholders through {T}witter: {H}ow nonprofit organizations are getting more out of 140 characters or less},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1861268},
  volume = {38},
  year = {2012},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1861268},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.01.005}}

• Saxton, G. D. (2012). New media and external accounting information: A critical review. Australian Accounting Review, 22, 286-302. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  The proliferation of new media has initiated substantial changes in both the production and consumption of accounting information. The implications for accounting research and practice are thus considerable. Consequently, this paper represents a critical review of the relevant literature on new media and accounting information. A complete bibliography, along with additional analyses, are available online at the project website: http://www.newmediaandcapitalmarkets.org/

  @article{Saxton2012,
  abstract = {The proliferation of new media has initiated substantial changes in both the production and consumption of accounting information. The implications for accounting research and practice are thus considerable. Consequently, this paper represents a critical review of the relevant literature on new media and accounting information. A complete bibliography, along with additional analyses, are available online at the project website: http://www.newmediaandcapitalmarkets.org/},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:14:56 +0000},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00176.x},
  journal = {Australian {A}ccounting {R}eview},
  pages = {286-302},
  title = {New Media and External Accounting Information: {A} Critical Review},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1984051},
  volume = {22},
  year = {2012},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1984051},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00176.x}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Guo, C. (2012). Conceptualizing web-based stakeholder communication: The organizational website as a stakeholder relations tool. Communication & Science Journal. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  With the near ubiquity of the organizational website, organizations’ onlinestakeholder relationships have dramatically increased in prevalence, complexity, and financialand strategic importance. To help advance our understanding of these relationships, weintroduce and test the multi-dimensional concept of Web-based stakeholder communication using original data on US community foundations. After presenting the conceptualfoundations of Web-based stakeholder communication, we develop operational measures of itskey dimensions, namely stakeholder targeting and the balance of organizations’ onlinestakeholder portfolios. We then explore the outcomes of Web-based stakeholder communication by testing for its relationship to subsequent levels of charitable contributions.We end with an in-depth discussion of the most important implications for organizationaltheory and practice.

  @article{Saxton2012b,
  abstract = {With the near ubiquity of the organizational website, organizations' onlinestakeholder relationships have dramatically increased in prevalence, complexity, and financialand strategic importance. To help advance our understanding of these relationships, weintroduce and test the multi-dimensional concept of Web-based stakeholder communication using original data on US community foundations. After presenting the conceptualfoundations of Web-based stakeholder communication, we develop operational measures of itskey dimensions, namely stakeholder targeting and the balance of organizations' onlinestakeholder portfolios. We then explore the outcomes of Web-based stakeholder communication by testing for its relationship to subsequent levels of charitable contributions.We end with an in-depth discussion of the most important implications for organizationaltheory and practice.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Guo, Chao},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 16:58:22 +0000},
  journal = {Communication & {S}cience {J}ournal},
  keywords = {stakeholder relations; stakeholder communication; new media; websites; nonprofitorganizations; organizational communication; organization-public relations},
  title = {Conceptualizing web-based stakeholder communication: {T}he organizational website as a stakeholder relations tool},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2189036},
  year = {2012},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2189036}}

• Saxton, G. D., Kuo, J., & Ho, Y. (2012). The determinants of voluntary financial disclosure by nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41, 1051-1071. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Encouraging organizations to be more open has been a key issue in contemporary debates over nonprofit accountability. However, our understanding of what motivates organizations to the disclosure decision is weak. We aim to enhance our understanding of this critical issue by developing and testing a model of the determinants of voluntary disclosure decision making, using data gathered on the population of not-for-profit medical institutions in Taiwan during a period where the government encouraged –- but did not require –- disclosure on a centralized website. As a result, we are able to conduct a “natural experiment” of the voluntary disclosure behavior of an important population of non-donor-dependent organizations. We find voluntary disclosure is more likely in organizations that are smaller, have lower debt/asset ratios, and are run by larger boards with more inside members. Our data suggest that, from a policy perspective, voluntary disclosure regimes are not an especially effective means of promoting public accountability.

  @article{Saxton2012c,
  abstract = {Encouraging organizations to be more open has been a key issue in contemporary debates over nonprofit accountability. However, our understanding of what motivates organizations to the disclosure decision is weak. We aim to enhance our understanding of this critical issue by developing and testing a model of the determinants of voluntary disclosure decision making, using data gathered on the population of not-for-profit medical institutions in Taiwan during a period where the government encouraged --- but did not require --- disclosure on a centralized website. As a result, we are able to conduct a ``natural experiment'' of the voluntary disclosure behavior of an important population of non-donor-dependent organizations. We find voluntary disclosure is more likely in organizations that are smaller, have lower debt/asset ratios, and are run by larger boards with more inside members. Our data suggest that, from a policy perspective, voluntary disclosure regimes are not an especially effective means of promoting public accountability.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Kuo, Jenn-Shyong and Ho, Yi-Cheng},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 17:08:11 +0000},
  doi = {10.1177/0899764011427597},
  journal = {Nonprofit and {V}oluntary {S}ector {Q}uarterly},
  pages = {1051-1071},
  title = {The determinants of voluntary financial disclosure by nonprofit organizations},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2069655},
  volume = {41},
  year = {2012},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2069655},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764011427597}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Guo, C. (2011). Accountability online: Understanding the web-based accountability practices of nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40, 270-295. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Nonprofit organizations are increasingly using Internet-based technologies to address accountability. This article presents a set of conceptual, theoretical, and empirical innovations to help understand this phenomenon. First, this article presents a conceptual framework that delineates two key dimensions of Web-based accountability practices: disclosure and dialogue. It then posits a four-factor explanatory model of online accountability incorporating organizational strategy, capacity, governance, and environment. Last, it tests the model through a content analysis of 117 U.S. community foundation Web sites combined with survey and financial data. The descriptive statistics show that the Web site has been more effectively used to provide financial and performance disclosures than to provide dialogic mechanisms for stakeholder input and interactive engagement. Our multivariate analyses, in turn, highlight capacity- and governance-related variables, especially asset size and board performance, as the most significant factors associated with the adoption of Web-based accountability practices.

  @article{Saxton2011,
  abstract = {Nonprofit organizations are increasingly using Internet-based technologies to address accountability. This article presents a set of conceptual, theoretical, and empirical innovations to help understand this phenomenon. First, this article presents a conceptual framework that delineates two key dimensions of Web-based accountability practices: disclosure and dialogue. It then posits a four-factor explanatory model of online accountability incorporating organizational strategy, capacity, governance, and environment. Last, it tests the model through a content analysis of 117 U.S. community foundation Web sites combined with survey and financial data. The descriptive statistics show that the Web site has been more effectively used to provide financial and performance disclosures than to provide dialogic mechanisms for stakeholder input and interactive engagement. Our multivariate analyses, in turn, highlight capacity- and governance-related variables, especially asset size and board performance, as the most significant factors associated with the adoption of Web-based accountability practices.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Guo, Chao},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 16:55:50 +0000},
  doi = {10.1177/0899764009341086},
  journal = {Nonprofit and {V}oluntary {S}ector {Q}uarterly},
  keywords = {accountability_practices disclosure newmediaandnonprofits nonprofit_organizations},
  pages = {270-295},
  title = {Accountability Online: {U}nderstanding the Web-Based Accountability Practices of Nonprofit Organizations},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1733610},
  volume = {40},
  year = {2011},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1733610},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764009341086}}

• Saxton, G. D., Guo, C., Chiu, I., & Feng, B. (2011). Social media and social good: How do nonprofits use Facebook to communicate with the public? [translated]. China Third Sector Research, 1, 40-54. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  本文以“脸书”为例，研究美国100家最大的非营利组织如何利用社交媒体来改善与公众之间的沟通互动。我们发现，非营利组织在其“脸书”主页上的“状态”更新可以被归纳为三种核心功能：“信息传播功能”， “社区建设功能”和“动员促进功能”。我们的分析表明，尽管 “脸书”的“信息传播功能”使用程度依然相当显著，但比起传统意义上的网站，非营利组织能够通过“脸书”中的“社区建设”和“双向对话”功能更有效地与公众沟通。社交网络的应用似乎树立了组织与大众互动的新范式。 In this study, we examine the social networking practices of the 100 largest nonprofit organizations in the United States. More specifically, we develop a comprehensive classification scheme to delineate these organizations’ use of Facebook as a stakeholder engagement tool. We find there are 5 primary categories of Facebook ‘statuses,’ which can be aggregated into three key dimensions – ‘information,’ ‘community,’ and action. Our analysis reveals that, though the ‘informational’ use of Facebook is still significant, nonprofit organizations are better at using Facebook to strategically engage their stakeholders via ‘dialogic’ and ‘community-building’ practices than they have been with traditional websites. The adoption of social media seems to have engendered new paradigms of public engagement.

  @article{Saxton2011b,
  abstract = {本文以``脸书''为例，研究美国100家最大的非营利组织如何利用社交媒体来改善与公众之间的沟通互动。我们发现，非营利组织在其``脸书''主页上的``状态''更新可以被归纳为三种核心功能：``信息传播功能''， ``社区建设功能''和``动员促进功能''。我们的分析表明，尽管 ``脸书''的``信息传播功能''使用程度依然相当显著，但比起传统意义上的网站，非营利组织能够通过``脸书''中的``社区建设''和``双向对话''功能更有效地与公众沟通。社交网络的应用似乎树立了组织与大众互动的新范式。
  In this study, we examine the social networking practices of the 100 largest nonprofit organizations in the United States. More specifically, we develop a comprehensive classification scheme to delineate these organizations' use of Facebook as a stakeholder engagement tool. We find there are 5 primary categories of Facebook 'statuses,' which can be aggregated into three key dimensions -- 'information,' 'community,' and action. Our analysis reveals that, though the 'informational' use of Facebook is still significant, nonprofit organizations are better at using Facebook to strategically engage their stakeholders via 'dialogic' and 'community-building' practices than they have been with traditional websites. The adoption of social media seems to have engendered new paradigms of public engagement.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Guo, Chao and Chiu, I-Hsuan and Feng, Bo},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 16:57:43 +0000},
  journal = {China {T}hird {S}ector {R}esearch},
  pages = {40-54},
  title = {Social media and social good: {H}ow do nonprofits use {F}acebook to communicate with the public? [translated]},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2027527},
  volume = {1},
  year = {2011},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2027527}}

• Zhuang, J., Saxton, G. D., & Wu, H. (2011). Publicity vs. impact in nonprofit disclosures and donor preferences: A sequential game with one nonprofit organization and N donors. Annals of Operations Research, advance online publication. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Charitable giving is one of the essential tasks of a properly functioning civil society. This task is greatly complicated by the lack of organizational transparency and by the information asymmetries that often exist between organizations and donors in the market for charitable donations. The disclosure of financial, performance, donor-relations, and fundraising-related data is thus an important tool for nonprofit organizations attempting to attract greater donations while boosting accountability and public trust. There are, however, varying payoffs associated with such disclosure depending on the nature of donor preferences and the relative openness and effectiveness of competing organizations. To help understand the interplay between nonprofit organizational disclosures and individual donations, we present a novel game-theoretic model of disclosure – donation interactions that incorporates the predominant forms of both donor preferences and “value-relevant” information.

  @article{Zhuang2011,
  abstract = {Charitable giving is one of the essential tasks of a properly functioning civil society. This task is greatly complicated by the lack of organizational transparency and by the information asymmetries that often exist between organizations and donors in the market for charitable donations. The disclosure of financial, performance, donor-relations, and fundraising-related data is thus an important tool for nonprofit organizations attempting to attract greater donations while boosting accountability and public trust. There are, however, varying payoffs associated with such disclosure depending on the nature of donor preferences and the relative openness and effectiveness of competing organizations. To help understand the interplay between nonprofit organizational disclosures and individual donations, we present a novel game-theoretic model of disclosure -- donation interactions that incorporates the predominant forms of both donor preferences and ``value-relevant'' information.},
  author = {Zhuang, Jun and Saxton, Gregory D. and Wu, Han},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 16:57:02 +0000},
  doi = {10.1007/s10479-011-0967-3},
  journal = {Annals of {O}perations {R}esearch},
  pages = {advance online publication},
  title = {Publicity vs. impact in nonprofit disclosures and donor preferences: {A} sequential game with one nonprofit organization and {N} donors},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2187932},
  year = {2011},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2187932},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-011-0967-3}}

• Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2010). Voice-in, voice-out: Constituent participation and nonprofit advocacy. Nonprofit Policy Forum, 1(1). [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  How do participatory constituent practices affect the scope and intensity of nonprofit advocacy? In this exploratory study, we empirically examine this question through the use of survey data from a random sample of charitable nonprofit organizations in Arizona in 2007. Our findings show that the scope and intensity of nonprofit advocacy tend to increase with constituent board membership, communication with constituents, and level of constituent involvement in strategic decision making, yet decrease with the growth in government funding and private contributions. These findings suggest important implications for organizations wishing to be more effective in influencing public policy.

  @article{Guo2010,
  abstract = {How do participatory constituent practices affect the scope and intensity of nonprofit advocacy? In this exploratory study, we empirically examine this question through the use of survey data from a random sample of charitable nonprofit organizations in Arizona in 2007. Our findings show that the scope and intensity of nonprofit advocacy tend to increase with constituent board membership, communication with constituents, and level of constituent involvement in strategic decision making, yet decrease with the growth in government funding and private contributions. These findings suggest important implications for organizations wishing to be more effective in influencing public policy.},
  author = {Guo, Chao and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-16 02:51:20 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-16 02:53:32 +0000},
  doi = {10.2202/2154-3348.1000},
  journal = {Nonprofit {P}olicy {F}orum},
  number = {1},
  title = {Voice-In, Voice-Out: {C}onstituent Participation and Nonprofit Advocacy},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738705},
  volume = {1},
  year = {2010},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738705},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/2154-3348.1000}}

• Benson, M., & Saxton, G. D. (2010). The dynamics of ethnonationalist contention. British Journal of Political Science, 40, 305-331. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  The political expression of ethnopolitical communities spans three primary forms – electoral party politics, social movement protest behaviour, and violent rebellion. Previous literature, however, has studied these three strategies in isolation from one another. Using new data on the 17 autonomous communities of Spain, we test the ability of a prevailing model of ethnopolitical conflict (Gurr 1993a, 1993b, 2000) to account for the full range of regional nationalist political behaviour. This design effectively permits us to ask a central question: what incites nations to move from one type of contention to another? The findings confirm that, as the configuration of motivating factors in a community changes, organizations acting within that community do respond to the altered incentives and changing political context by moving up and down the `ladder of contention’. The findings thus suggest an under-explored `strategic dynamism’ in force in ethnonational communities. In capturing this dynamic movement, our framework allows for a better understanding of which features of a group’s environment tend to have an `escalatory’ impact on conflict (especially repression), and which others have a generally `ameliorative’ effect (e.g., economic transfers).

  @article{Benson2010,
  abstract = {The political expression of ethnopolitical communities spans three primary forms -- electoral party politics, social movement protest behaviour, and violent rebellion. Previous literature, however, has studied these three strategies in isolation from one another. Using new data on the 17 autonomous communities of Spain, we test the ability of a prevailing model of ethnopolitical conflict (Gurr 1993a, 1993b, 2000) to account for the full range of regional nationalist political behaviour. This design effectively permits us to ask a central question: what incites nations to move from one type of contention to another? The findings confirm that, as the configuration of motivating factors in a community changes, organizations acting within that community do respond to the altered incentives and changing political context by moving up and down the `ladder of contention'. The findings thus suggest an under-explored `strategic dynamism' in force in ethnonational communities. In capturing this dynamic movement, our framework allows for a better understanding of which features of a group's environment tend to have an `escalatory' impact on conflict (especially repression), and which others have a generally `ameliorative' effect (e.g., economic transfers).},
  author = {Benson, Michelle and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 16:55:30 +0000},
  doi = {10.1017/S0007123410000013},
  journal = {British {J}ournal of {P}olitical {S}cience},
  pages = {305-331},
  title = {The Dynamics of Ethnonationalist Contention},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1740130},
  volume = {40},
  year = {2010},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1740130},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123410000013}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Benson, M. A. (2008). Means, motives and opportunities in ethno-nationalist mobilization. International Interactions, 34, 53-83. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Building on the most important theoretical tools from the literatures on social movements and nationalism, we propose a model of the intensity of nationalist political behavior in which a community’s means, motives, and opportunities assume the central roles in the initiation and escalation of nationalist contentious politics. We then test this model using multinomial logit on original data from the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain over a twenty-year period. The results demonstrate that the means, motives, and opportunities assume vital, yet nonlinear, roles in determining a community’s level of electoral, violent, and nonviolent contentious activity. The findings also show that there are crucial differences in what accounts for the moves to electoral contention, to protest, and to rebellion. Several of these factors are uniformly escalatory on the intensity of contention?especially repression, social mobilization, and regime change?while others, most importantly democracy, have a moderating effect on the generation of conflict. The results further imply processes of a diffusion of rebellious activities and of an organizational-level substitution effect between violent and nonviolent forms of political behavior. At the aggregate community level, however, escalation in contention involves a ?cumulative effect? rather than a classic ?substitution effect.?

  @article{Saxton2008,
  abstract = {Building on the most important theoretical tools from the literatures on social movements and nationalism, we propose a model of the intensity of nationalist political behavior in which a community's means, motives, and opportunities assume the central roles in the initiation and escalation of nationalist contentious politics. We then test this model using multinomial logit on original data from the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain over a twenty-year period. The results demonstrate that the means, motives, and opportunities assume vital, yet nonlinear, roles in determining a community's level of electoral, violent, and nonviolent contentious activity. The findings also show that there are crucial differences in what accounts for the moves to electoral contention, to protest, and to rebellion. Several of these factors are uniformly escalatory on the intensity of contention?especially repression, social mobilization, and regime change?while others, most importantly democracy, have a moderating effect on the generation of conflict. The results further imply processes of a diffusion of rebellious activities and of an organizational-level substitution effect between violent and nonviolent forms of political behavior. At the aggregate community level, however, escalation in contention involves a ?cumulative effect? rather than a classic ?substitution effect.?},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Benson, Michelle A},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:15:17 +0000},
  doi = {10.1080/03050620701883546},
  journal = {International {I}nteractions},
  pages = {53-83},
  title = {Means, Motives and Opportunities in Ethno-Nationalist Mobilization},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1735746},
  volume = {34},
  year = {2008},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1735746},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050620701883546}}

• Acar, M., Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2007). Managing effectively in a networked world. The Public Manager, 36, 33-38. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  In an era of globalization, devolution, decentralization, the “New Governance,” advanced information and communications technology, and the growing complexity of public problems, public-private partnerships have become an increasingly popular vehicle for delivering services and generating solutions to our most pressing societal problems. Others have already discussed the growing use of partnership arrangements and looked at the benefits that derive from these arrangements. Here we are interested in something else – an elaboration of the specific skill sets managers need to excel in this increasingly decentralized, collaborative, and “networked” environment. Based on in-depth interviews with over two dozen educational partnership directors, we elaborate the nine key management skills, values, and attitudes that are essential for success in managing partnership arrangements.

  @article{Acar2007,
  abstract = {In an era of globalization, devolution, decentralization, the ``New Governance,'' advanced information and communications technology, and the growing complexity of public problems, public-private partnerships have become an increasingly popular vehicle for delivering services and generating solutions to our most pressing societal problems. Others have already discussed the growing use of partnership arrangements and looked at the benefits that derive from these arrangements. Here we are interested in something else -- an elaboration of the specific skill sets managers need to excel in this increasingly decentralized, collaborative, and ``networked'' environment. Based on in-depth interviews with over two dozen educational partnership directors, we elaborate the nine key management skills, values, and attitudes that are essential for success in managing partnership arrangements.},
  author = {Acar, Muhittin and Guo, Chao and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 16:52:17 +0000},
  journal = {The {P}ublic {M}anager},
  pages = {33-38},
  title = {Managing effectively in a networked world},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738710},
  volume = {36},
  year = {2007},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738710}}

• Hackler, D., & Saxton, G. D. (2007). The strategic use of information technology by nonprofit organizations: Increasing capacity and untapped potential. Public Administration Review, 67, 474-487. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  How are nonprofits using information technology (IT) to enhance mission-related outcomes and boost organizational performance? In this paper we examine large-scale survey data of nonprofits’ technology planning, acquisition, and implementation to assess the strategic use of IT in these organizations. We further evaluate their strategic technology-use potential through an examination of those IT-related competencies and practices that the literature deems critical for the successful strategic employment of technology resources. We find several promising developments alongside significant deficits in the strategic utilization of IT, especially in the areas of financial sustainability, strategic communications and relationship-building, and collaborations and partnerships. To boost IT’s mission-related impact, nonprofits will have to enhance their organizational capacities in long-term IT planning; budgeting, staffing, and training; performance measurement; Internet and website capabilities; and the vision, support, and involvement of senior management. Accordingly, we end with recommendations for overcoming some of the most pressing challenges.

  @article{Hackler2007,
  abstract = {How are nonprofits using information technology (IT) to enhance mission-related outcomes and boost organizational performance? In this paper we examine large-scale survey data of nonprofits' technology planning, acquisition, and implementation to assess the strategic use of IT in these organizations. We further evaluate their strategic technology-use potential through an examination of those IT-related competencies and practices that the literature deems critical for the successful strategic employment of technology resources. We find several promising developments alongside significant deficits in the strategic utilization of IT, especially in the areas of financial sustainability, strategic communications and relationship-building, and collaborations and partnerships. To boost IT's mission-related impact, nonprofits will have to enhance their organizational capacities in long-term IT planning; budgeting, staffing, and training; performance measurement; Internet and website capabilities; and the vision, support, and involvement of senior management. Accordingly, we end with recommendations for overcoming some of the most pressing challenges.},
  author = {Hackler, Darrene and Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 16:53:46 +0000},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00730.x},
  journal = {Public {A}dministration {R}eview},
  pages = {474-487},
  title = {The strategic use of information technology by nonprofit organizations: {I}ncreasing capacity and untapped potential},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1742466},
  volume = {67},
  year = {2007},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1742466},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00730.x}}

• Saxton, G. D., Guo, C., & Brown, W. (2007). New dimensions of nonprofit responsiveness: The application and promise of internet-based technologies. Public Performance & Management Review, 31, 144-173. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  The incredible diffusion of the Internet is ushering in a new era of possibilities for nonprofit organizations to engage with and be responsive to their core stakeholders, yet little is known of the range and extent of such practices. To enhance our understanding of these increasingly important yet understudied phenomena, we conduct a comprehensive study of 117 community foundations’ Web-based stakeholder responsiveness practices. Our examination of four key dimensions of online responsiveness reveals a number of best practices and areas of untapped potential. We argue that online stakeholder responsiveness is increasingly a strategic concern; to successfully fulfill their mission, organizations thus need to consider seriously the amount and interactivity of the content they target at each of their core constituents.

  @article{Saxton2007,
  abstract = {The incredible diffusion of the Internet is ushering in a new era of possibilities for nonprofit organizations to engage with and be responsive to their core stakeholders, yet little is known of the range and extent of such practices. To enhance our understanding of these increasingly important yet understudied phenomena, we conduct a comprehensive study of 117 community foundations' Web-based stakeholder responsiveness practices. Our examination of four key dimensions of online responsiveness reveals a number of best practices and areas of untapped potential. We argue that online stakeholder responsiveness is increasingly a strategic concern; to successfully fulfill their mission, organizations thus need to consider seriously the amount and interactivity of the content they target at each of their core constituents.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Guo, Chao and Brown, William},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 16:52:38 +0000},
  doi = {10.2753/pmr1530-9576310201},
  journal = {Public {P}erformance & {M}anagement {R}eview},
  pages = {144-173},
  title = {New Dimensions of Nonprofit Responsiveness: {T}he Application and Promise of Internet-Based Technologies},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738762},
  volume = {31},
  year = {2007},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738762},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pmr1530-9576310201}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Benson, M. A. (2006). Structure, politics, and action: An integrated model of nationalist protest and rebellion. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 12, 137-175. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  This article presents an integrated model of contentious nationalist activity, with structure, politics, and action assuming equal roles in an interdependent causal system. The model is tested using simultaneous equation systems on 130 ethno-nationalist groups from 1990 to 1998. The results confirm the vital, indirect role of grievances and group identity on protest and the powerful direct and indirect effects of political opportunity structure variables on protest and rebellion. Repression is shown to have a particularly escalatory impact on the conflict process.

  @article{Saxton2006,
  abstract = {This article presents an integrated model of contentious nationalist activity, with structure, politics, and action assuming equal roles in an interdependent causal system. The model is tested using simultaneous equation systems on 130 ethno-nationalist groups from 1990 to 1998. The results confirm the vital, indirect role of grievances and group identity on protest and the powerful direct and indirect effects of political opportunity structure variables on protest and rebellion. Repression is shown to have a particularly escalatory impact on the conflict process.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Benson, Michelle A},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:15:30 +0000},
  doi = {10.1080/13537110600734653},
  journal = {Nationalism and {E}thnic {P}olitics},
  pages = {137-175},
  title = {Structure, Politics, and Action: {A}n Integrated Model of Nationalist Protest and Rebellion},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738723},
  volume = {12},
  year = {2006},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738723},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537110600734653}}

• Saxton, G. D. (2005). The participatory revolution in nonprofit management. The Public Manager, 34, 34-39. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  An array of large-scale social changes in education, technology, and value orientations has recently fostered dramatic growth in stakeholders’ potential to participate in key organizational decision-making processes. The increasing interest, opportunity, and ability of stakeholders to make decisions is bringing about significant changes in prevailing nonprofit organizational structures, in organizational governance and decision-making, and in management and leadership practices. A genuine participatory revolution is emerging – and nonprofit leaders must be ready for both the opportunities and challenges it presents.

  @article{Saxton2005,
  abstract = {An array of large-scale social changes in education, technology, and value orientations has recently fostered dramatic growth in stakeholders' potential to participate in key organizational decision-making processes. The increasing interest, opportunity, and ability of stakeholders to make decisions is bringing about significant changes in prevailing nonprofit organizational structures, in organizational governance and decision-making, and in management and leadership practices. A genuine participatory revolution is emerging -- and nonprofit leaders must be ready for both the opportunities and challenges it presents.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:15:41 +0000},
  journal = {The {P}ublic {M}anager},
  pages = {34-39},
  title = {The participatory revolution in nonprofit management},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738709},
  volume = {34},
  year = {2005},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1738709}}

• Saxton, G. D. (2005). Repression, grievances, mobilization, and rebellion: A new test of Gurr’s model of ethnopolitical rebellion. International Interactions, 31, 87-116. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Throughout the 1990s Ted Robert Gurr developed and refined a model of ethnopolitical rebellion built around four key determinants—identity, incentives, capacity, and opportunities. Lindström and Moore (1995), Gurr and Moore (1997), and Moore and Gurr (1998) have argued that the explanation Gurr proposes actually implies an interactive model in which these four factors, along with rebellion and repression, work interdependently to determine levels of rebellious ethnic conflict. In this study I utilize a three-stage least squares estimator to test the ability of this interactive model to explain the magnitude of ethnopolitical rebellion in the seventeen regions of Spain from 1977–1996. The use of an original event data set with enhanced indicators allows for the first test of Gurr’s interactive model not based on the Minorities at Risk project, while the cross-temporal design facilitates the first full test of the model’s democracy-rebellion linkages. This test demonstrates even stronger overall support for the theoretical model than previous analyses, which had failed to find evidence for the direct influence of grievances on rebellion, of democratization and repression on mobilization, and of democracy on repression. An important deviation from Gurr’s model is the finding that three of the proposed indicators of deprivation—relative regional GDP, education, and regional autonomy—were found to have the opposite impact from that intended. Implications of these findings are explored in depth.

  @article{Saxton2005b,
  abstract = {Throughout the 1990s Ted Robert Gurr developed and refined a model of ethnopolitical rebellion built around four key determinants—identity, incentives, capacity, and opportunities. Lindstr{\"o}m and Moore (1995), Gurr and Moore (1997), and Moore and Gurr (1998) have argued that the explanation Gurr proposes actually implies an interactive model in which these four factors, along with rebellion and repression, work interdependently to determine levels of rebellious ethnic conflict. In this study I utilize a three-stage least squares estimator to test the ability of this interactive model to explain the magnitude of ethnopolitical rebellion in the seventeen regions of Spain from 1977–1996. The use of an original event data set with enhanced indicators allows for the first test of Gurr’s interactive model not based on the Minorities at Risk project, while the cross-temporal design facilitates the first full test of the model’s democracy-rebellion linkages. This test demonstrates even stronger overall support for the theoretical model than previous analyses, which had failed to find evidence for the direct influence of grievances on rebellion, of democratization and repression on mobilization, and of democracy on repression. An important deviation from Gurr’s model is the finding that three of the proposed indicators of deprivation—relative regional GDP, education, and regional autonomy—were found to have the opposite impact from that intended. Implications of these findings are explored in depth.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:15:34 +0000},
  doi = {10.1080/03050620590919452},
  journal = {International {I}nteractions},
  pages = {87-116},
  title = {Repression, Grievances, Mobilization, and Rebellion: {A} New Test of {G}urr's Model of Ethnopolitical Rebellion},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1737914},
  volume = {31},
  year = {2005},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1737914},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050620590919452}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Benson, M. A. (2005). Social capital and the growth of the nonprofit sector. Social Science Quarterly, 86, 16-35. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Objectives. This article examines the extent to which nonprofit organizational foundings are determined by various forms of social capital. Our hypothesis is that, controlling for other relevant social, political, and economic factors, communities with higher levels of social capital should experience more extensive growth in their nonprofit sectors. Methods. Using data derived from the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey and the IRS “charitable organization” Business Master Files, we test our hypothesis using a negative binomial event count regression on nonprofit organization foundings in 284 U.S. counties in the year 2001. Results. We find that two core dimensions of social capital–-political engagement and “bridging” social ties–-have a significant impact on county-level nonprofit foundings. Surprisingly, a key element of social capital in the literature, the level of interpersonal trust, does not lead to an increase in foundings of new not-for-profit organizations. Conclusions. This study provides further evidence of the strength of political engagement and bridging ties for the vitality of the community. It also shows that the different dimensions of social capital do not manifest a uniform effect on nonprofit sector growth. These results further demonstrate that the growth of a community’s not-for-profit sector is dependent on a mix of ecological and environmental factors, especially preexisting organizational density, median household income, unemployment, and levels of governmental spending. Overall, social capital can usefully be seen as another key “environmental” factor in explanations of organizational foundings.

  @article{Saxton2005c,
  abstract = {Objectives. This article examines the extent to which nonprofit organizational foundings are determined by various forms of social capital. Our hypothesis is that, controlling for other relevant social, political, and economic factors, communities with higher levels of social capital should experience more extensive growth in their nonprofit sectors. Methods. Using data derived from the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey and the IRS ``charitable organization'' Business Master Files, we test our hypothesis using a negative binomial event count regression on nonprofit organization foundings in 284 U.S. counties in the year 2001. Results. We find that two core dimensions of social capital---political engagement and ``bridging'' social ties---have a significant impact on county-level nonprofit foundings. Surprisingly, a key element of social capital in the literature, the level of interpersonal trust, does not lead to an increase in foundings of new not-for-profit organizations. Conclusions. This study provides further evidence of the strength of political engagement and bridging ties for the vitality of the community. It also shows that the different dimensions of social capital do not manifest a uniform effect on nonprofit sector growth. These results further demonstrate that the growth of a community's not-for-profit sector is dependent on a mix of ecological and environmental factors, especially preexisting organizational density, median household income, unemployment, and levels of governmental spending. Overall, social capital can usefully be seen as another key ``environmental'' factor in explanations of organizational foundings.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Benson, Michelle A},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:15:37 +0000},
  doi = {10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00288.x},
  journal = {Social {S}cience {Q}uarterly},
  pages = {16-35},
  title = {Social capital and the growth of the nonprofit sector},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1262864},
  volume = {86},
  year = {2005},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1262864},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00288.x}}

• Saxton, G. D. (2004). Structure, politics, and ethnonationalist contention in post-Franco Spain: An integrated model. Journal of Peace Research, 41, 25-46. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Previous models of nationalism have been unable to adequately account for variation in forms or levels of contentious nationalist activity. Building on the most important theoretical tools from the literatures on social movements and nationalism, an alternative model is proposed in which structure, politics, and action assume equal roles in an interdependent causal system. It is further proposed that violent and nonviolent contention, though conceptually distinct phenomena, are the products of a fundamentally similar set of factors. The model posits that sociostructural `root causes’ are vital to the development of ethnonationalist contentious politics, but indirectly via mobilization. The direct determinants of protest and rebellion are a conjunction of organizational mobilization and political opportunity structures. In particular, a shared identity gives groups of people the basis for organizational mobilization; mobilizational resources provide the means for such mobilization; grievances lend the reason; and a series of political factors structure the opportunities of mobilized groups to contend in a conventional, violent or nonviolent manner. The opportunity structures are then themselves transformed by the nature of the contention that takes place. Using a 3SLS structural equation model and original data from the 17 autonomous communities of Spain between 1977 and 1996, the results show that structure, politics, and action are, as predicted, three fundamental components of an interdependent causal system. The vital, yet indirect role of grievances and group identity in the generation of ethnonationalist conflict is confirmed, and a number of powerful relationships obtain with the individual elements of the political opportunity structure. Higher levels of democracy are related to increased protest, more intense repression is associated with lower levels of contentious activity, and the level of regional autonomy has no apparent impact on conflict. In the short term, moreover, Spain’s major democratic transition is shown to exacerbate existing conflict propensities.

  @article{Saxton2004,
  abstract = {Previous models of nationalism have been unable to adequately account for variation in forms or levels of contentious nationalist activity. Building on the most important theoretical tools from the literatures on social movements and nationalism, an alternative model is proposed in which structure, politics, and action assume equal roles in an interdependent causal system. It is further proposed that violent and nonviolent contention, though conceptually distinct phenomena, are the products of a fundamentally similar set of factors. The model posits that sociostructural `root causes' are vital to the development of ethnonationalist contentious politics, but indirectly via mobilization. The direct determinants of protest and rebellion are a conjunction of organizational mobilization and political opportunity structures. In particular, a shared identity gives groups of people the basis for organizational mobilization; mobilizational resources provide the means for such mobilization; grievances lend the reason; and a series of political factors structure the opportunities of mobilized groups to contend in a conventional, violent or nonviolent manner. The opportunity structures are then themselves transformed by the nature of the contention that takes place. Using a 3SLS structural equation model and original data from the 17 autonomous communities of Spain between 1977 and 1996, the results show that structure, politics, and action are, as predicted, three fundamental components of an interdependent causal system. The vital, yet indirect role of grievances and group identity in the generation of ethnonationalist conflict is confirmed, and a number of powerful relationships obtain with the individual elements of the political opportunity structure. Higher levels of democracy are related to increased protest, more intense repression is associated with lower levels of contentious activity, and the level of regional autonomy has no apparent impact on conflict. In the short term, moreover, Spain's major democratic transition is shown to exacerbate existing conflict propensities.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:15:49 +0000},
  doi = {10.1177/0022343304040048},
  journal = {Journal of {P}eace {R}esearch},
  pages = {25-46},
  title = {Structure, Politics, and Ethnonationalist Contention in Post-{F}ranco {S}pain: {A}n Integrated Model},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1737912},
  volume = {41},
  year = {2004},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1737912},
  bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343304040048}}

• Saxton, G. D. (2004). Benchmarking quality of life in greater Rochester. Available at SSRN 2009620. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  This investigation involved in-depth analyses of 10 discrete dimensions of quality of life in Rochester, NY: urban sprawl, education, economy, cost of living, population health, health care services, public safety, transportation, taxation, and individual wealth & poverty. Changes in Rochester’s quality of life were tracked over time. In addition, Rochester’s performance was compared with that in 19 other comparable metropolitan areas throughout the country. Our analysis shows that, of the 20 regions, Rochester obtained the highest average overall score on the ten different dimensions of quality of life in 2004.

  @article{Saxton2004b,
  abstract = {This investigation involved in-depth analyses of 10 discrete dimensions of quality of life in Rochester, NY: urban sprawl, education, economy, cost of living, population health, health care services, public safety, transportation, taxation, and individual wealth & poverty. Changes in Rochester's quality of life were tracked over time. In addition, Rochester's performance was compared with that in 19 other comparable metropolitan areas throughout the country. Our analysis shows that, of the 20 regions, Rochester obtained the highest average overall score on the ten different dimensions of quality of life in 2004.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:15:45 +0000},
  journal = {Available at {SSRN} 2009620},
  title = {Benchmarking Quality of Life in Greater {R}ochester},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2009620},
  year = {2004},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2009620}}

• Saxton, G. D. (2004). The rise of participatory society: Challenges for public administration. PA Times, 27(11), 4-5. [BibTeX]

  @article{Saxton2004c,
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:15:52 +0000},
  journal = {P{A} {T}imes},
  number = {11},
  pages = {4-5},
  title = {The rise of participatory society: {C}hallenges for public administration},
  volume = {27},
  year = {2004}}

• Saxton, G. D. (2003). Lobbying. The Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy. [BibTeX]

  @article{Saxton2003,
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-02-14 01:51:46 +0000},
  journal = {The {E}ncyclopedia of {P}ublic {A}dministration and {P}ublic {P}olicy},
  title = {Lobbying},
  year = {2003}}

• Saxton, G. D., & Benson, M. A. (2003). The origins of socially and politically hostile attitudes toward immigrants and outgroups: Economics, ideology, or national context. Journal of Political Science, 31, 101-137. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  Analyses of the determinants of anti-immigrant hostility remain underdeveloped in the literature. Current research is diminished by competing claims over the primacy of economic, ideological, contextual, or socio-demographic factors. To consolidate past research and work towards a more coherent theory of attitudinal hostility, we argue that it is first necessary to disaggregate the broad notion of hostility into social and policy hostility. We use the 30th Eurobarometer on Immigrants and Outgroups to test the ability of the economic vulnerability, ideology, and national context arguments to explain levels of socially and politically hostile attitudes to immigrants in five countries of the European Union. The results confirm that not only are social and policy hostility distinct, but ideological factors – both new and old – provide a more cogent account of hostility than either economics or national context. The study finds that attitudinal hostility fundamentally derives from a conjunction of low levels of education and a powerful form of ideological hostility that encompasses old-fashioned racism, traditional right-wing ideology, and materialist value orientations.

  @article{Saxton2003b,
  abstract = {Analyses of the determinants of anti-immigrant hostility remain underdeveloped in the literature. Current research is diminished by competing claims over the primacy of economic, ideological, contextual, or socio-demographic factors. To consolidate past research and work towards a more coherent theory of attitudinal hostility, we argue that it is first necessary to disaggregate the broad notion of hostility into social and policy hostility. We use the 30th Eurobarometer on Immigrants and Outgroups to test the ability of the economic vulnerability, ideology, and national context arguments to explain levels of socially and politically hostile attitudes to immigrants in five countries of the European Union. The results confirm that not only are social and policy hostility distinct, but ideological factors - both new and old - provide a more cogent account of hostility than either economics or national context. The study finds that attitudinal hostility fundamentally derives from a conjunction of low levels of education and a powerful form of ideological hostility that encompasses old-fashioned racism, traditional right-wing ideology, and materialist value orientations.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Benson, Michelle A},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:15:59 +0000},
  journal = {Journal of {P}olitical {S}cience},
  keywords = {Immigration, immigrants, public opinion, comparative politics},
  pages = {101-137},
  title = {The Origins of Socially and Politically Hostile Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Outgroups: {E}conomics, Ideology, or National Context},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1737909},
  volume = {31},
  year = {2003},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1737909}}

• Saxton, G. D., Hoene, C. W., & Erie, S. P. (2002). Fiscal constraints and the loss of home rule: The long-term impacts of California’s post-Proposition 13 fiscal regime. The American Review of Public Administration, 32, 423-454. [BibTeX] [Abstract] [PDF]
  

  The passage of Proposition 13 in 1978 was a watershed event that ushered in both a new era and a new fiscal regime for California’s local governments. The authors argue that in the wake of follow-on initiatives, a protracted recessionary period, and the state’s use of newly authorized revenue-transfer powers, this still-evolving regime entered a new phase in the 1990s. This article analyzes the primary impacts of and responses to the changes in California’s post-Proposition 13 fiscal regime in the 1990s in five local jurisdictions. The results reveal that the most significant long-term impacts of this regime have been an altered fiscal structure and an unintended decrease in local home rule. These impacts, in turn, have led to cuts in nonessential services, the expansion of sales tax-generating redevelopment efforts, implementation of new taxes and user service fees, and increased reliance on one-time fiscal measures.

  @article{Saxton2002,
  abstract = {The passage of Proposition 13 in 1978 was a watershed event that ushered in both a new era and a new fiscal regime for California's local governments. The authors argue that in the wake of follow-on initiatives, a protracted recessionary period, and the state's use of newly authorized revenue-transfer powers, this still-evolving regime entered a new phase in the 1990s. This article analyzes the primary impacts of and responses to the changes in California's post-Proposition 13 fiscal regime in the 1990s in five local jurisdictions. The results reveal that the most significant long-term impacts of this regime have been an altered fiscal structure and an unintended decrease in local home rule. These impacts, in turn, have led to cuts in nonessential services, the expansion of sales tax-generating redevelopment efforts, implementation of new taxes and user service fees, and increased reliance on one-time fiscal measures.},
  author = {Saxton, Gregory D. and Hoene, Christopher W. and Erie, Steven P},
  date-added = {2014-02-14 00:40:05 +0000},
  date-modified = {2014-04-24 19:16:03 +0000},
  journal = {The {A}merican {R}eview of {P}ublic {A}dministration},
  pages = {423-454},
  title = {Fiscal Constraints and the Loss of Home Rule: {T}he Long-Term Impacts of {C}alifornia's Post-{P}roposition 13 Fiscal Regime},
  url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1737917},
  volume = {32},
  year = {2002},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=1737917}}